4. I've seen the needle and the damage done A little part of it in everyone But every junkie's like a settin' sun. Neil Young

6. 3400 B.C. ‐ 300 A.D. The earliest reference to opium growth and use is in 3400 B.C. when the opium poppy was cultivated in lower Mesopotamia. The Sumerians referred to the opium poppy as the “Joy Plant” and would pass the plant and its euphoric effects on to the Assyrians, who in turn passed it on to the Egyptians. 330 B.C. Alexander the Great introduces opium to the people of Persia and India

14. Dopamine Pathways – Pleasure pathways nucleus accumbens hippocampus striatum frontal cortex substantia nigra/VTA cocaine heroin nicotine amphetamines opiates THC PCP ketamine heroin alcohol benzodiazepines barbiturates alcohol

16. 9 TH CENTURY AD: T HE E GYPTIAN SURGEON A MMAR IBN 'A LI AL -M AWS ' CREATED A SYRINGE IN THE 9 TH CENTURY USING A HOLLOW GLASS TUBE, AND SUCTION TO REMOVE CATARACTS 1650: B LAISE P ASCAL INVENTED A SYRINGE ( NOT NECESSARILY HYPODERMIC ) AS AN APPLICATION OF WHAT IS NOW CALLED P ASCAL ' S LAW 1844: I RISH PHYSICIAN F RANCIS R YND INVENTED THE HOLLOW NEEDLE AND USED IT TO MAKE THE FIRST RECORDED SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS, SPECIFICALLY A SEDATIVE TO TREAT NEURALGIA 1853: C HARLES P RAVAZ AND A LEXANDER W OOD DEVELOPED A MEDICAL HYPODERMIC SYRINGE WITH A NEEDLE FINE ENOUGH TO PIERCE THE SKIN. A LEXANDER W OOD EXPERIMENTED WITH INJECTED MORPHINE TO TREAT NEURALGIA. H E AND HIS WIFE BECAME ADDICTED TO IT. H IS WIFE WAS THE FIRST WOMAN TO DIE OF AN INJECTED DRUG OVERDOSE ?* * MAY BE A MYTH

26. New Non-medical Users of Pain Relievers 1965-2002 New Non-medical Users of Pain Relievers 1965-2002

30. Cabinet for Health and Family Services

35.  C LOUDED MENTAL FUNCTIONING  N AUSEA AND VOMITING  H YPOTHERMIA  D EATH

36. W/D FROM O PIOID