1. Ch. 18 Sec. 2 Mrs. Manley

2. Ranchers and Farmers Open Range- land that wasn’t fenced or divided into lots Brand- a symbol burned into the hide of cattle by ranchers to mark them Cow towns- towns located near railroads to market & ship cattle Long Drive- herding cattle 1,000 miles or more to meet the railroads

3. Ranchers & Farmers Vaqueros- Hispanic cowhands developed many riding, roping, and branding skills Chaps- leather leggings Lariat- lasso to catch stray cattle Stampede- a danger of trail life; thousands of cattle run in panic Cattle Kingdom Ends- cattle prices drop; overgrazing, too much beef on market

4. Farmers settle the Plains; They are called sodbusters! The Homestead Act- 1862 Congress gives 160 acres of land for FREE! They had to live on it for 5 years and farm it! Then it was theirs. Homesteaders- immigrants, African Americans, Irish, etc… Exodusters- African Americans escaping slavery in South to start a new life

5. Problems faced by farmers – Drought – Floods – Crops destroyed by insects! – Fire – Harsh Winters Sodbusters- farmers in the Plains and new farming methods; in dry ground- dry farming- plant deep

6. Lots of new inventions – Barbed wire – Windmills- pump water – Oklahoma Land Rush – Sooners- if you got their soonest you won land. Boomers= homesteaders. – Suffering b/c of lost land = Native Americans!