1. 1 AGILE: scientific performance G.Barbiellini Commissione 2 INFN Sept. 27, 2011

2. 2 The AGILE Gamma-ray sky (E>100 MeV)

3. 3 AGILE in spinning 2010-2011

4. Crab Nebula flares Cygnus X-3 and microquasars Resolution of the cosmic-ray origin: SNRs W44, IC443, W28 Super-bright blazar 3C 454.3 Discovery of emission up to 100 MeV from Terrestrial Flashes 4 AGILE top 10 discoveries: Astrophysics, fundamental physics, climate studies

5. Nature of the Vela pulsar nebula First (gamma-ray) imaging from space of TGFs Soft PSRs The brightest BL Lac, S5 0726+724 Flaring of the Mrk 421 5 AGILE top 10 discoveries: Astrophysics, fundamental physics, climate studies

6. Crab Nebula Bright blazars Discovery of direct proton emission from SNR W44 TGFs, climate studies, meteorology 6 AGILE in its fifth year: very strong and competitive science, latest hot results

7. Blazars 7

8. 8

9. some of the brightest GeV gamma-ray blazars 9

10. the 3C 454.3 super-flare in Nov.-Dec. 2010 10 (Vercellone et al. 2010)

11. 3C 454.3 superflare (16-19 Nov. 2010) Most intense gamma-ray source ever detected: 3C 454.3 z=0.859, F  > 8000 10 -8 ph. cm -2 s -1, L iso = 2x10 50 erg s -1, for  = 10, L jet  1 Earth/sec) 11

12. 12 emission spectrum of 3C 454.3, November 2010 (Vercellone et al., 2011)

13. microquasars 13

14. Galactic micro-quasars 14

15. Major gamma-ray flares in special transitional states in preparation of radio flares ! (Tavani etal. Nature 2009) figure adapted from Szostek Zdziarski & McCollough (2008) 15

16. clear indication from Cyg X-3 particle acceleration preceding (1-2 days) jet launching 16 Piano, Vittorini, M.T., 2011

17. σ=5; Flux=(200+/-50)10-8 ph cm-1 s-2 σ=7.3; Flux=(330+/-80)10-8 ph cm -1 s -2 ATEL n. 3059, Bulgarelli et al., 30 Nov. 2010, 4-days integration SURPRISES: mysterious gamma-ray transients 17

18. Crab Nebula 18

19. 19 Crab Nebula spectrum

20. 20 standard mechanisms diffusive shock acceleration (DSA), first-order Fermi acc. shock-drift acceleration (SDA) results depends on particle content (ions, e+/e-), B-configuration, sigma- parameter, etc.

21. 21 SCOPERTA DA PARTE DI AGILE DELLA VARIABILITA’ DELLA NEBULOSA DEL GRANCHIO 21 Tavani et al., Science, 331, 736 (2011) Abdo et al., Science, 331, 739 (2011)

22. 22 The Crab Nebula: a standard candle… FIRST PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT Sept. 22, 2010: AGILE issues the Astronomer’s Telegram n. 2855 announcing a gamma-ray flare from the Crab Nebula Science Express (6 January 2011) 22

23. 23 Flare dateDuration Peak γ -ray flux Instruments October 2007~ 15 days~ 9 ∙10 -6 ph cm -2 s -1 AGILE February 2009~ 15 days~ 7 ∙10 -6 ph cm -2 s -1 Fermi September 2010~ 4 days~ 7 ∙10 -6 ph cm -2 s -1 AGILE, Fermi April 2011~ 10 days~ 30 ∙10 -6 ph cm -2 s -1 AGILE, Fermi Four major gamma-ray flaring episodes major flare rate: 1-2/year

24. 24 Flare origin no noticeable PSR-signal variation with the current sampling, no post-flare variation flare attributed to the Nebula chance coincidence with another source ? –F > 2∙10 -6 ph cm -2 s -1, few sources, P < 6∙10 -5 –no known blazar in error box (0.06), X-ray observation 2 days after the Sept. Flare (ATEL 2868), P < 10 -4 –“soft” average gamma-ray spectrum, very unusual, chance-coincidence P very small.

25. 25

26. 26 Crab Nebula super-flare spectrum (Apr. 16, 2011)

27. 27 if it’s nebular emission, what is the ultimate cause of it? –PSR wind enhancement (density, local B, change of sigma) –Plasma physics, shock changes, sudden change of B-configuration, reconnection (?) –near PSR effects (?) –Knot-1 (?) –“Anvil” region (?)

28. 28

29. 29 AGILE gamma-ray map, E > 400 MeV

30. (Giuliani, Cardillo et al. 2011) 30

31. 31 neutral pion emission (marginal Bremsstrahlung) (Giuliani, Cardillo et al. 2011)

32. 32 hadronic model, B = 20 μ G, n = 100 cm -3 “ad hoc” e- Brems. model, B = 20 μ G, n = 300 cm -3 (Giuliani, Cardillo et al. 2011) in disagreement with radio data !

33. 33 spettro dei Lampi Gamma di AGILE 110 TGFs 1806 fotoni 142  E> 10 MeV 26  E > 20 MeV Tavani et al., Phys. Rev. Letters 106, 018501 (2011) modello RREA legge di potenza + cutoff esponenz. rivelazione di emissione a energie E >40 MeV, non spiegate dai modelli attuali di accelerazione RREA. componente aggiuntiva di alta energia,  = -2.7

34. AGILE contribution to Earth studies breakthrough AGILE discovery of gamma-ray emission up to 100 MeV !

35. Conclusions AGILE in very good health and fully operative from the scientific point of view Unique properties: –100 MeV astrophysics –very fast processing speed, bright transient detections (Crab Nebula…) –unique for Terrestrial flashes A lot of work to do: –new Catalogue –Galactic Center –New sources, new TGFs … 35

36. Financial Requests 36 INFN Pavia

37. Financial Requests 37 INFN Roma2

38. Financial Requests 38 INFN Trieste