1. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-1 A 12-volt test light is attached to a good ground while probing for power.

2. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-2 A test light can be used to locate an open in a circuit. Note that the test light is grounded at a different location than the circuit itself.

3. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-3 Self-powered test lights contain a battery, clamp, and probe. This type of test light should not be used on any computer-controlled circuits because the applied voltage can damage delicate electronic components or circuits.

4. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-4 High-impedance test light. An LED test light can be easily made using low-cost components and an old ink pen. With the 470 ohm resistor in series with the LED, this tester only draws 0.025 ampere (25 milliamperes) from the circuit being tested. This low current draw helps assure the technician that the circuit or component being tested will not be damaged by excessive current flow.

5. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-5 A logic probe connected to the vehicle battery and relay used to check for power, ground, or a pulse.

6. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-6 Typical digital multimeter. The black meter lead always is placed in the COM terminal. Except when measuring the current in amperes, the red meter test lead remains in the V terminal.

7. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-7 Common abbreviations used on the display face of many digital multimeters. (Courtesy of Fluke Corporation)

8. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-8 A summary chart indicating what measurement type may be used to test which vehicle system. (Courtesy of Fluke Corporation)

9. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-9 A typical autoranging digital multimeter automatically selects the proper scale to read the voltage being tested. The scale selected is usually displayed on the meter face. (a) Note that the display indicates “4,” meaning that this range can read up to 4 volts. (b) The range is now set to the 40 volt scale, meaning that the meter can read up to 40 volts on the scale. Any reading above this level will cause the meter to reset to a higher scale. If not set on autoranging, the meter display would indicate OL if a reading exceeds the limit of the scale selected. (Courtesy of Fluke Corporation)

10. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-10 Typical digital multimeter (DMM) set to read DC volts.

11. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-11 Using a digital multimeter set to read ohms (  ) to test this light bulb. The meter reads the resistance of the filament.

12. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-12 Typical digital multimeter showing OL (over limit) on the readout with the ohms (  ) unit selected. This usually means that the unit being measured is open (infinity resistance) and has no continuity.

13. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-13 Many digital multimeters can have the display indicate zero to compensate for test lead resistance. (1) Connect leads in the Vand COM meter terminals. (2) Select the scale. (3) Touch the two meter leads together. (4) Push the “zero” or “relative” button on the meter. (5) The meter display will now indicate zero ohms of resistance. (Courtesy of Fluke Corporation)

14. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-14 In this digital multimeter set to read DC amperes, note that the red lead is placed in the far left-hand socket of the meter. The meter is displaying the current flow (4.18A) through the electric fuel pump on this General Motors 3800 V6 engine.

15. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-15 An inductive ammeter clamp is used with all starting and charging testers to measure the current flow through the battery cables.

16. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-16 A typical mini clamp-on-type digital multimeter. This meter is capable of measuring alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) without requiring that the circuit be disconnected to install the meter in series. The jaws are simply placed over the wire and current flow through the circuit is displayed.

17. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-17 An AC and DC current clamp such as the one shown can be used with a regular digital multimeter. The amp probe contains a separate battery and electronic circuit that converts the amperage reading into a millivolt (mV) signal.

18. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-18 Note the blade-type fuse holder soldered in series with one of the meter leads. A 10 amp fuse helps protect the internal meter fuse (if equipped) and the meter itself from damage that might result from excessive current flow if accidentally used incorrectly.

19. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-19 A summary of the test meter hookup.

20. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-20 Always look at the meter display when a measurement is being made, especially if using an autoranging meter. (Courtesy of Fluke Corporation)

21. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-21 When reading AC voltage signals, a true RMS meter (such as a Fluke 87) provides a different reading than an average responding meter (such as Fluke 88).The only place this difference is important is when a reading is to be compared with a specification. (Courtesy of Fluke Corporation)

22. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-22 This meter display shows 052.2 AC volts. Notice that the zero beside the 5 indicates that the meter can read over 100 volts AC with a resolution of 0.1 volt.

23. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-23 Be sure to only use a meter that is CAT III rated when taking electrical voltage measurements on a hybrid vehicle.

24. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FIGURE 8-24 Always use meter leads that are CAT III rated on a meter that is also CAT III rated to maintain the protection needed when working on hybrid vehicles.