1. Investigation of catalytic activity of thermally treated waste Mussel shells for biodiesel production from Jojoba oil Presented by Mangesh Avhad, Marcos Sánchez, Elisa Pena, Jose Aracil, Mercedes Martinéz, Jorge Marchetti* Department of Mathematical Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway. Date: August 26, 2015.

2. Norwegian University of Life Sciences2 Content  Introduction  Results: Alcoholysis of jojoba oil  Influence of temperature  Influence of catalyst amount  Influence of alcohol concentration  Influence of reaction time  Conclusion

3. Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ref: (1) Al-Hamamre Z, Rawajfeh KM. International Journal of Green Energy. 2015; 12: 398-404. (2) http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E. [Accessed on August 20, 2015].http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E 3 Introduction: Jojoba Energy Content [1] : 40 MJ kg -1 Fig: World total production of Jojoba seeds. [2]

4. Norwegian University of Life Sciences4 Experiment: Butanolysis of jojoba oil 800 ºC 6 h

5. Norwegian University of Life SciencesTittel på presentasjon5 Experiment: Butanolysis of jojoba oil

6. Results: Butanolysis of jojoba oil Fig: Selection of reaction parameters for the butanolysis process. [3] Fig: Influence of temperature on the butanolysis reaction of jojoba oil. Catalyst amount: 12 wt. %, butanol-to-oil molar ratio: 10:1, time: 600 min, stirring intensity: 350 RPM. Norwegian University of Life Sciences 5 Ref: (3) Sánchez M, Marchetti J, Boulifi N El, Aracil J, Martínez M. Kinetics of jojoba oil methanolysis using a waste from fish industry as catalyst. 2015; 262: 640-7.

7. Norwegian University of Life Sciences7 Results: Butanolysis of jojoba oil Fig: Influence of the catalyst amount on the butanolysis reaction of jojoba oil with time performed at 85 ºC using butanol-to-oil molar ratio of 10:1 and with 350 RPM stirring intensity.

8. Norwegian University of Life Sciences 8 Results: Butanolysis of jojoba oil Fig: Influence of the butanol-to-oil molar ratio on the butanolysis reaction of jojoba oil with time performed at 85 ºC using 12 wt. % catalyst amount and with 350 RPM stirring intensity.

9. Norwegian University of Life Sciences9 Results: Butanolysis of jojoba oil Fig: Time required to achieve equilibrium conversion of Jojoba oil. The butanolysis reaction performed using butanol-to-oil molar ratio of 10:1, catalyst amount of 12 wt. %, Temperature: 85 C, Stirring intensity: 350 RPM. Max. Conv.: 96.11 %

10. Norwegian University of Life Sciences10 Results: Butanolysis of jojoba oil Table: Obtained jojoba oil conversion at different alcohol concentration and butanol concentration after 600 min of buttanolysis reaction performed at 85 ºC and using 350 RPM stirring intensity

11. Norwegian University of Life Sciences11 Conclusion The calcium oxide catalyst derived from waste Mussel shells was found to present decent activity to acclerate the transformation of jojoba oil. The alcoholysis reaction performed at 85 ºC for 600 min using butanol-to-oil molar ratio of 12.8:1, 16 wt. % catalyst amount and 350 RPM stirring intensity resulted in 63.21 % jojoba oil conversion. However, the appliance of further elevated amount of catalyst and butanol resulted in decline of jojoba oil conversion. The maximum jojoba oil conversion of 96.11 % was achieved when the butanolysis reaction time was extended till 1800 min. The appropriate utilization of the value-added chemicals and biofuel generated from Jojoba oil and its derivatives could be beneficial from the biorefinery perspective.

12. Thank You for your Attention. Acknowledgement Norwegian University of Life Sciences and University of Complutense Madrid. NILS mobility grant. Biofuels and Bioenergy Conference, 2015.