1. Developing a Metric for Evaluating Discussion Boards Dr. Robin Kay University of Ontario Institute of Technology 2 November 2004

2. Overview Background Data Collected 12 Areas of Evaluation Sample Results Summary

3. Background  Discussion board use has grown extensively (e.g., Cooper, 2001)  Some say tool is revolutionary ( e.g., Hara et. al., 1998, Li, 2003)  Others say our understanding of discussion boards is minimal (e.g., Blignaut & Trollip, 2003)  One problem: The metric used to evaluate effectiveness of discussion boards

4. Previous Metrics  Most studies examine one or two aspects of online discussion  A few researchers have attempted more complete analyses (e.g., Hara et. al., 1998; Zhu, 1998)  Metrics are rarely theory-driven

5. Metric Needs  Comprehensive  Theory-Based  Consistent

6. Data Collected (1 of 3)

7. Data Collected (2 of 3)

8. Data Collected (3 of 3)  Subject Pool secondary, higher education  Purpose of Discussion Board debate, posting resources, solving problems  Individual Differences gender, typing speed, access  Type of Course Online Only vs. Mixed

9. 12 Areas of Evaluation  Social Learning Social Learning  Cognitive Processing Cognitive Processing  Discussion Quality Discussion Quality  Initial Question Initial Question  Role of Educator Role of Educator  Navigation Navigation  Challenges Challenges  Types of Users Types of Users  Attitudes Toward DB Attitudes Toward DB  Reponses Time Reponses Time  Time of Learning Time of Learning  Performance Performance

10. Social Learning Research Vygotsky (1978) and Slavin (1995) Number of researchers have reported that true social interaction is rare in DB Data Used Length of discussion thread Number of messages read Primary focus of message 2 or more times in the same thread

11. Cognitive Processing Research Rare to see theoretical taxonomy Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001) Data Used Knowledge Type Processing Level

12. Discussion Quality Research Researcher have looked at tone, reasoning, degree of controversy, and content Data Used Message clarity & quality New Knowledge Added Reference to Course Knowledge External Resources Used

13. Initial Question Research Some research supports clear, provocative questions that promote higher level thinking Other research notes that it is hard to find clear patterns Data Used Clarity, quality, knowledge and processing type  Number of times question was read  Length of discussion

14. Role of Educator Research Some researchers say instructor’s role is critical for raising the level of discussion Others claim students need to construct their own knowledge; instructor stifles discussion Data Used Student vs. Instructor  Number of times message was read  Length of message  Response Time

15. Navigation Research Problems reported with respect to message length, number of entries, unclear subject lines, lack of organization Data Used Subject line clarity & location  How often message was read  Response time Interview data

16. Challenges for Participants Research Ability to participate, pace slower, time taken to participate, being grader Data Used Interview data  Open ended question about use

17. Types of Users Research Participants assume different roles based on participation, degree of reflection, and mediation skills Data Used Average number of message read Average response time Number of words Message quality Number of message posted

18. Attitudes Toward Discussion Board Research Little systematic research done in this area Data Used Interview  Perceived usefulness (consumer and provider)

19. Response Time Research No systematic research, but speculation that delays in response time could decrease value of discussion Data Used Message location and response time Response time corrected with how often messages are read

20. Time of Learning Research No research on how much discussion goes on outside school Data Used Inside vs. Outside School  Number of message posted  Clarity and quality

21. Learning Performance Research Has yet to be formally tested Do discussion boards improve learning? Data Used Final Test and Project Grade correlated with  number of visits  number of days visited  number of message posted

22. Sample Results  Social Learning Social Learning  Cognitive Processing Cognitive Processing  Discussion Quality Discussion Quality  Initial Question Initial Question  Role of Educator Role of Educator  Navigation Navigation  Challenges Challenges  Types of Users Types of Users  Attitudes Toward DB Attitudes Toward DB  Response Time Response Time  Time of Learning Time of Learning  Performance Performance Overview Sample

23.  45 secondary students (2 classes)  13-15 years old  Introductory computer science course  HTML and Programming  Private school  All boys  HTML (24 days)  Programming (36 days)

24. Overview of Results MeasureAverage Length of Thread3.5 msg. (1 to 11) Words48.3 (1 to 263) Clear subject line1.68 (0 to 3) Message quality2.3 (0 to 4) Number of times read11.3 (2 to 77) Response Time2.5 days (1 m. to 34 d.) Content86% course or beyond Non-Academic6%

25. Social Learning MeasureResults Threads with 5 or more messages 47% Average number of times a message was read 29.5 Ask questions66% Participating twice in same discussion 37%

26. Cognitive Processing MeasureResults Procedural Knowledge57% Conceptual Knowledge21% Understanding35% Remembering27% Applying22%

27. Discussion Quality MeasureResults Clear Messages67% Message quality good41% New Knowledge Added67% Content (course or more)86% Non-Academic6%

28. Effect of Initial Question MeasureResults Easily Answered No impact on number of times a message was read or length of discussion Subject line clarity Message quality Knowledge Type Processing Level

29. Role of Educator MeasureResults Student No difference with respect to number of times read, length of message, or response time Teacher

30. Navigation MeasureResults Correlation between clear subject line & number of times read Not Significant Correlation between clear subject line & response time Not Significant Correlation between message number & number of times read r =.26; p <.001 Correlation between message number & response time Not significant Navigation a problem54% of the time

31. Challenges MeasureResults Too Slow38% Technical of software problems25% Trusting peers answers22% Difference in Learning Style12% Lack of ability12% Inhibited by grades11%

32. Types of Users (5+ messages) MeasureResults Average message readp <.001 Average response timep <.001 Number of words usedp <.001 Message qualityp <.001 Number of message posted1 to 17 Subject line clarity, question difficulty, knowledge and processing type No significant difference

33. Attitude Toward Discussion Board MeasureResults Effective Learning Tool37% Used Frequently38% Received useful information65% Provided helpful information39%

34. Response Time MeasureResults Average Response Time25.3 hours Jump from 3 rd to 4 th message19.7 to 31 hours Correlation between response time and number of times message read r = -.254; p <.01

35. Time of Learning MeasureResults Message posted outside of school hours 55% Difficulty of questionOutside class (p <.05) Subject line, quality of message, response time, number words No significant difference between inside and outside class

36. Performance

37. Summary  Previous research uses limited metric  12 areas covered offer a relatively rich analysis of discussion  If we want to understand the use if discussion boards we need metric that is Comprehensive (details are everything) Theory-Based

38. Contact Information  Robin Kay robin.kay@uoit.ca  Website for Paper & Presentation faculty.uoit.ca/kay/elearn2004/elearn2004.htm