1. CHEMISTRY World of Zumdahl Zumdahl DeCoste

2. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 17 Equilibrium

3. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3 Figure 17.2: (a)Two BrNO molecules approach each other at high speeds. (b) The collision occurs. (c) The energy of the collision causes Br-N bonds to break and Br-Br bonds to form. (d) The products: one Br 2 and two NO molecules. Figure 17.2: (a)Two BrNO molecules approach each other at high speeds. (b) The collision occurs. (c) The energy of the collision causes Br-N bonds to break and Br-Br bonds to form. (d) The products: one Br 2 and two NO molecules.

4. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.4 Figure 17.3: Reaction progress of two BrNO molecules.

5. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.5 Figure 17.4: Comparison of the activation energies for an uncatalyzed reaction and for the same reaction with a catalyst present.

6. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.6 Rules for assigning oxidation states and catalyzed reactions.

7. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.7 Figure 17.8: (a) Net transfer of molecules from the liquid state to the vapor state. (b) The amount of the substance in the vapor state becomes constant. (c) The equilibrium state. Figure 17.8: (a) Net transfer of molecules from the liquid state to the vapor state. (b) The amount of the substance in the vapor state becomes constant. (c) The equilibrium state.

8. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.8 Figure 17.9: (a) Equal numbers of moles of H 2 O and CO are mixed in a closed container. (b) The reaction begins to occur. (c) The reaction continues, and more reactants are changed to products. (d) No further changes are seen as time continues to pass. Figure 17.9: (a) Equal numbers of moles of H 2 O and CO are mixed in a closed container. (b) The reaction begins to occur. (c) The reaction continues, and more reactants are changed to products. (d) No further changes are seen as time continues to pass.

9. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 Figure 17.10: Changes with time in the rates of reactions.

10. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.10 Figure 17.11: (a) Initial equilibrium mixture. (b) Addition of N 2. (c) New equilibrium position.

11. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 Figure 17.12: System initially at equilibrium.

12. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 Figure 17.12: Piston is pushed in.

13. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 Figure 17.13: (a) A mixture of NH 3 (g), N 2 (g), and H 2 (g) at equilibrium. (b) The volume is suddenly decreased. (c) The new equilibrium position. Figure 17.13: (a) A mixture of NH 3 (g), N 2 (g), and H 2 (g) at equilibrium. (b) The volume is suddenly decreased. (c) The new equilibrium position.