1. B.F. SKINNER Most significant name in behaviorism (behavior is controlled by reinforcement, not your unconscious) Research on operant conditioning Creator of the operant chamber (Skinner Box) key name B.F. = (Burrhus Frederic ) 1904-1990

2. Pigeon ping-pong Schedules of Reinforcement (pigeon pecking behavior) Training a puppy to roll over

3. Reinforcement All Reinforcement INCREASES THE LIKELYHOOD that a particular behavior will occur. Positive Reinforcement: encourages a certain behavior by offering a positive stimulus (reward).

4. I _______ Negative Reinforcement (and so do you!)

5. Negative Reinforcement IS NOT Punishment Negative Reinforcement also ENCOURAGES a particular behavior by removing an aversive (negative) stimulus. Punishment: DISCOURAGES a particular behavior by usually adding an aversive stimulus.

6. Examples of Negative Reinforcement* Prisoners being released early for good behavior. (encouraged to be good so negative environment is removed). You cannot drive your car UNTIL you get better grades. (encouraged to study harder so negative of not having your car is removed). The seatbelt alarm in a car buzzes until you put on the seatbelt. (encouraged to put on seatbelt so that annoying sound is removed)

7. Examples of Punishment: DISCOURAGES behavior You are grounded because you lied. A child is spanked for cussing. A teacher forces a student to stand in the corner because he interrupted him.

8. Primary vs. Conditioned Reinforcers PrimaryConditioned Innately satisfying UNLEARNED Satisfying because they are associated with a primary reinforcer LEARNED food water sex Affiliation (family and friends) Removal of pain ???

9. Types of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement: reinforcing the desired behavior everytime it occurs. –Learning happens very quickly. –Extinction happens very quickly if reinforcement is stopped. Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement: reinforcing a desired behavior only part of the time. –Learning takes longer (slower acquisition) –TAKES LONGER for extinction to occur.

10. Immediate vs. Delayed Reinforcement* In rats, if you delay reinforcement, virtually no learning will occur. Although humans do recognize delayed reinforcement, immediate gratification sometimes move us into risky behavior. EX: smoking, drinking, unprotected sex.

11. Shaping * Shaping refers to an operant conditioning technique in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a desired goal. –Uses successive approximations. How would you have trained this cat to become potty trained? (Meet the Parents Clip – Psych in Film) Shaping a dog's behavior Shaping pigeon turning behavior

12. Behaviorist vs Cognitivist Theories Behaviorist: Only cares about behavior – what a person does – what can be observed or proven Learning is mechanical – you behave the way you do because of external stimuli – no internal processes are required (learning by thinking about something or watching it) Cogntivist:Care about what a person knows (instead of does). Learning serves a purpose. You can learn by watching or thinking about something.

13. Cognition’s Effect on Operant Conditioning (see p. 145) Cognitive map: a mental representation of one’s environment that is developed without the aid of reinforcement. Latent learning: learning that occurs (like cognitive map) that is not apparent (hidden) until there is an incentive to justify it. –Ex: rats that were not reinforced while in a maze could navigate it just as fast when there was a reward put at the end. If there was no food at the end, they just roamed through the maze (they were in no rush to get to the end).

14. Social Learning Theory: Monkey See, Monkey Do (Observational Learning) Observational learning describes process of learning by observing others. Modeling is an example of observational learning by which we imitate a specific behavior.

15. Albert Bandura’s Experiment on Modeling (Bobo Doll Experiment) Experiment that showed children could easily learn aggression through observational learning modeling. Frustrated children go to beat on clown after seeing adult model do the same. After a variety of experiments, many consider Bandura to be the father of social learning theory.

16. Observational Learning/Modeling Theory Leads to Questions About the Impact of Television on Viewers