1. Rebellions and Restoration HI 168: Lecture 3 Dr. Howard Chiang

2. Partitioning of China - Queen Victoria - William II (Germany) - Nicholas II (Russia) - French Marianne - Meiji Emperor

4. The Origins of Rebellion Sub-ethnic consciousness High degree of militarization Miao Rebellions (1795-1806 & 1855-72) - Fu Nai – military agricultural colonies Secret societies of the south - Triads - Three Harmonies Society ( 三 合會 ), Three Dots Society ( 三點會 ), Heaven and Earth Society ( 天地會 ) or collectively as Vast Gate ( 洪門 ) - coexistence with orthodox society

5. The Origins of Rebellion Secret societies of the south - ‘Overthrow the Qing and restore the Ming’ ( 反清復明 ) - 1786 major uprising in Taiwan - extended to the rich counties around the Pearl River Delta - Red Turban Revolt of 1854 The White Lotus Rebellion ( 白蓮教 ) - Henan-Anhui to Hubei-Szechuan- Shanxi

6. The Origins of Rebellion The White Lotus Rebellion ( 白蓮教 ) - 1793, Qing ordered investigation of WL congregations in central China - 1796, open revolt - 1805, substantially annihilated - suppression of internal rebellion required the cooperation of local elite and the hiring of mercenaries - ruinous to the imperial treasury – suppression costs 120 million taels

7. The Taiping Rebellion 1851-1864 Social Background: - Canton – problems associated with opium smuggling, trafficking, and smoking and opium war itself - Guangxi – pirates 1795-1809; Shanghai diverted trade away; mercenaries demobilized; bureaucrats increasingly powerless; a delegation sent to Peking in 1850

8. Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全

9. Feng Yunshan 馮雲山

10. The Taiping Rebellion 1850: God Worshipping Society ( 拜上帝 會, Bai shangdi hui) 1851: Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace ( 太平天國, Taiping tianguo) Sep 1852: Changhsai, Hunan capital Jan 1853: Wuchang, Hubei capital March 19, 1853: Nanking, ‘Heavenly Capital’ - ‘1 st Nanjing Massacre’ The Land Regulations of the Heavenly Dynasty

11. Zeng Guofan 曾國藩 - Hunan Army (1853) - Anhui Army (1862)

12. Other Rebellions The Nian Rebellion ( 捻軍起義, 1853- 1868) - ecological disasters, N. central China - leader: Zhang Lexin ( 張樂行 ) Panthay Rebellion (1856-1873) - Yunan; leader: Du Wenxiu ( 杜文秀 ) - Kingdom of Panthay ( 平南國 ) Northwest Muslim Rebellion ( 陝甘回民 起義, 1862-1873) - Shaanxi-Gansu area

13. Li Hongzhang 李鴻章

14. Zuo Zongtang 左宗棠

15. Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-95) First Phase (1861-1884) - conservative culturalists vs. self- strengtheners - Prince Gong, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, and Zuo Zongtang Second Phase (1885-1895) - more self-strengthening - undercut by the lack of funds Empress Dowager Cixi - China’s de factor ruler 1861-1908

16. Prince Gong (1833-1898)

17. Fuzhou Shipyard

18. Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908)

19. Guangxu Emperor (1871-1908)