1. The Story of Psychology “The [brain is the] most complex physical object… in the entire cosmos” Owen Gingerich, astronomer

2. Topics and Questions  The __________and growth of psychology, from questions to a science  The big question: do our human traits develop __________ experience (nurture), or are we born with them (__________)?  Psychology’s biopsychosocial levels of analysis  Psychology’s __________  Applying psychology to learning the text: SQ3R Psychology is about understanding mind, self, and others. Bring your curiosity to class, with questions like: How do I explain dreams? Anxiety? The abilities and funny behavior of __________? How can I learn to use my mind to be more successful in my life? To be more effective in helping __________?

3. From speculation to science: The Birth of Modern Psychology Aristotle (4 th century BCE) asked questions to understand the relationship between __________ and psyche. His way of answering those questions was to observe… and make guesses. Wilhelm __________(1832-1920) added two key elements to help make psychology a science: 1.carefully measured observations 2.experiments

4. Push a button when a ball dropped (based on when they heard the ball hit a platform): 1/10th of a __________. Push a button when consciously aware of hearing the ball hit the platform: __________ of a second. Wilhelm Wundt’s 1879 experiment measured the time it took for people to: Why were the times different?

5. Edward Titchener’s Structuralism  Titchener, like his teacher Wilhelm Wundt, relied on “self- report” data. He had people engage in __________, reporting on sensations and other elements of experience, in reaction to stimuli such as the smell or feel of a flower.  Titchener tried to use these introspective reports to build a view of the mind’s structure. He called this view __________.

6. Psychology Pioneers  William James (1842-1910) developed __________. He studied human thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and asked: what function might they serve? how might they have helped our ancestors __________?  He wrote Principles of Psychology.  James __________ another pioneer William James

7.  Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) became a memory researcher and the first __________ president of the APA.  She studied with William James but was __________ a Harvard PhD. Why? Because of her __________. Psychology Pioneers Mary Whiton Calkins

8. Psychology Pioneers Margaret Floy Washburn, PhD  Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939), PhD, became the second __________ APA president, and wrote The Animal Mind.  She studied with Edward Titchener, but was __________ from his experimental psychology organization. Guess why.

9. Shifting definitions of “psychology” Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, around 1900: “The __________ of mental life.” John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, behaviorists, 1920’s: “The scientific study of observable behavior.” Cognitive psychologists, 1960’s, studied internal mental processes, helped by __________. Now we combine these definitions: “The science of behavior and __________ processes.”

10. By pairing a bunny with a loud noise, Watson taught a baby (“Little Albert”) to fear rabbits. This is called __________ conditioning. Skinner used operant conditioning to teach pigeons to do amazing things to get __________. He later wrote about how human communities could be shaped by this __________. Trends in Psychological Science: Behaviorism John B. Watson B. F. Skinner

11.  Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis, (late 1800’s):  He studied and helped people with a variety of mental disorders.  His school of study and treatment focused on the role of __________ drives, wishes, and needs, and emphasized the importance of childhood __________. Sigmund Freud Trends in Psychology: Freudian/Psychoanalytic Psychology

12.  Humanists: Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers (1960s):  studied people who were __________ rather than those who had psychological problems.  developed theories and treatments to help people to feel __________ and to reach their full potential. Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow Trends in Psychology: Humanism

13. Create a Meme

14. The Growth of Psychology  Psychology’s pioneers have come from many fields: __________, philosophy, medicine, and biology.  Advances in psychology also have been made in many countries  Psychology has spread rapidly; there are 71 __________ nations in the IUPS. The subjects studied in psychology have multiplied too… as we shall see in this course.

15. The Big Issue in Psychology: N-N To what __________ are our traits already set in place at birth (our “Nature”)? And to what extent do our traits __________ in response to our environment/ experience (our “Nurture”)? The Nature- Nurture Question:

16. vs. NatureNurture Plato: Ideas such as “the __________ ” and “beauty” are inborn. Descartes: Some ideas are innate. Charles Darwin: Some traits, behaviors, and instincts are part of the nature of the species. Aristotle: All knowledge comes through the senses. John Locke: The mind is a __________(blank chalkboard or screen) “written on” by experience.

17. + NatureNurture We have __________ that are shaped by our environment We share a common origin that gives us an inborn human nature in __________.

18. “Nurture works on what Nature endows.”

19. Biology Plus Environment.. are part of psychology’s three “biopsychosocial” levels of analysis. The deep level, Biology: genes, brain, neuro- transmitters, survival, reflexes, __________ The outer level, Environment: social Influences, __________, education, relationships In the middle, Psychology: thoughts, emotions, moods, choices, behaviors, traits, __________, knowledge, perceptions

20. The three levels as influences on some psychological phenomenon Example: DepressionExample: IntelligenceExample: Enjoying Soccer Example: Shyness

21. Cognitive perspective __________ Behavioral genetics Neuroscience __________ Evolutionary There are many perspectives for describing psychological phenomena: From different angles, you ask different questions: How reliable is memory? How can we improve our thinking? Could our behavior, skills, and attitudes be “downloads” from our culture? Could our behavior, skills, and attitudes be genetically programmed instincts? What role do our bodies and brains play in emotions? How is pain inhibited? Can we trust our senses? Do inner childhood conflicts still plague me and affect my behavior? How are our problematic behaviors reinforced? How do our fears become conditioned? What can we do to change these fears and behaviors? Why are humans prone to panic, anger, and making irrational judgments?

22. Psychological Perspectives Thumb: Evolutionary Humans (and apes) are unique in that through evolution they have developed thumbs. Humans need their thumbs to grab and pick up things. Psychologists look at what Behaviors people have developed that may be present due to past survival needs. Pointer Finger: Cognitive Point to your temple as if you are thinking. This finger represents the cognitive perspective where psychologists are interested in all cognitive processes, such as decision making. Middle Finger: Behaviorism Think of what “flipping someone off” means. This gesture is learned. We learn by watching others (modeling), through punishment or reinforcement, and by pairing events closely in time. Also, this is an overt behavior that can be measured. Ring Finger: Humanism Lift your ring finger straight up. This is difficult. Use the fingers on your other hand, to “help” this finger come to “standing”…its full potential. Humanists believe that we can all reach our fullest potential. We often need help from others (unconditional positive regard) to develop a positive self ‐ concept.

23. psychodynamic cognitive behaviorism humanism biology Socio-cultural evolutionary Pinky: Biology “Pinky and the…” The pinky is small and so is our knowledge concerning the functions of the brain and the influence of genetics on our behavior. Wrist: Socio ‐ Cultural Some cultures use henna to decorate their wrists. Many people outside of these cultures are starting to do it because it is so beautiful. Psychologists use this perspective because to understand others we must understand their cultural backgrounds. Palm: Psychodynamic In our palms we have creases. Fortune tellers use those lines to know what has happened in people’s past and what it will lead to in their future. Psychodynamic psychologists try to determine what happened in a person’s past that would lead to their current behavior.

24. Different perspectives on a single issue: Six Blind Men and an Elephant

25. Let’s play: “What’s my perspective?” “Obsessive- compulsive disorder is a problem in the orbital cortex.” “No, it’s a sign of unresolved __________ issues.” “No, OCD is an inherited condition.” “Compulsions start as habits and are rewarded by the anxiety relief they bring.” “OCD comes from our natural instinct to control our environment.” “OCD thinking and behavior is a reaction to our fast-paced, out- of-control lifestyles.” “No, OCD is a matter of mental habits and errors that can be __________.”

26. Psychology’s Subfields Applied Clinical Psychology Counseling Psychology __________ Industrial-Organizational Community Psychology Clinical Psychology Type of research Biological Developmental Cognitive Personality __________ Positive Psychology

27. Psychology’s Subfields Research Examples Type of research Biological __________ Cognitive __________ Social __________ Psychology Study how the stages of cognitive and emotional development vary in autism Explore the structural problems in the brain that may be part of autism Clarify the difficulties autistic children have with understanding sarcasm Decide whether traits like neuroticism need to be measured differently in autism Find how autistic children can learn social skills as procedures if not by intuition Explore what motivates people and contributes to life satisfaction

28. Applied Clinical Psychology __________ Psychology Educational Psychology Industrial-Organizational __________ Psychology Clinical Psychology Psychology’s Subfields Applied Help someone achieve career goals despite family conflict and self-doubt Use exposure therapy to decrease phobic reactions in a traumatized client Evaluate aptitudes and achievement to plan for a student with learning problems Figure out how a factory can improve coordination of tasks, roles, and personalities Help coordinate a city’s efforts to understand and prevent elder abuse Use exposure therapy to decrease phobic reactions in a traumatized client

29. Psychology in context with other professions Psychiatrists are physicians, M.D.s or D.O.s. They can prescribe medication. In addition to psychologists, professionals in social work, __________, and marriage and family therapy may be __________ to do psychotherapy.

30. First Application of Psychology: Improving your test performance Scientific studies show us that: The retrieval __________ effect/testing effect testing yourself boosts retention of material. Put it in your own words, make connections actively processing material helps master it. Spread studying over __________ days spaced rehearsal, interspaced with other subjects, is more efficient than cramming. If the concept looks familiar… not __________ enough people tend to overestimate their mastery.

31. Applying this knowledge: Use SQ3R to master a textbook Survey Scan/Skim what you are about to read, especially chapter outlines and section heads. Question Ask questions that the text might answer; write guesses. Read Look for the answer to your questions, reading a manageable amount at a time. Rehearse Recall what you’ve read in your own words. Test yourself with quizzes. Review Look over text and notes and quickly review the main ideas of the whole chapter.