1. Evolving Data Models and Standards - collaborating to achieve shared understanding and semantic interoperability June 13, 2005 – MITRE, McLean, VA. Peter P. Yim peter_yim@cim3.com Co-convener, Ontolog Forum President & CEO, CIM Engineering, Inc. (“CIM3”) (v 1.02) Presentation to the first eGov DRM Public Forum:

2. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-132 Who understands all of the alphabet soup? … and the jargon? ebXML CCTS ISO / IEC 11179 SCL: Simple Common Logic

3. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-133 answer: (probably) No One! … should we be worried? … No … but then, the immediate next moves are crucial!

4. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-134 “Nothing Replaces Anything” … Richard Dalton, IFTF

5. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-135 Evolving Data Model & Standards Reflecting:Reflecting:  Broader scope  Finer granularity  More rigor  More expressive  Higher levels of abstraction  greater “formality” Supporting:Supporting:  Better automation  Better Integration  Ease-of-use  Better human-to-machine interaction  Machine-to-machine interaction  Machine inference  … maybe, eventually “machine intelligence” (between quotes) … this is not going to stop (or even slow down) any time soon, if anything, the rate will only speed up on us.

6. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-136 Language Formality & Expressiveness Formality Expressiveness Human Language OWL+ SWRL, KIF weak semantics strong semantics Is Disjoint Subclass of with transitivity property Modal Logic Logical Theory Thesaurus Has Narrower Meaning Than Taxonomy Is Sub-Classification of Conceptual Model Is Subclass of DB Schemas, XML Schema UML First Order Logic Relational Model, XML ER Extended ER Description Logic DAML+OIL, OWL RDF/S XTM Syntactic Interoperability Structural Interoperability Semantic Interoperability source: Leo Obrst, MITRE – Jan. 2004

7. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-137 Plenty of good work going … Yesterday’s good work becomes the foundation for today’s workYesterday’s good work becomes the foundation for today’s work Today’s good work will be the foundation for tomorrow’sToday’s good work will be the foundation for tomorrow’s new work will just layer on top of the old … and life goes onnew work will just layer on top of the old … and life goes on … Technology and standards work that way too! … Technology and standards work that way too! Plenty of good people out there too!Plenty of good people out there too!

8. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-138... We should enlist distributed collaboration (i.e. our “collective intelligence”) to the rescue. Sure … it’s already way too complex, and it’ll only get worseSure … it’s already way too complex, and it’ll only get worse But, then, you don’t have to do this all by yourselfBut, then, you don’t have to do this all by yourself we can have communities of practice (CoP’s) and task teams to take this on, togetherwe can have communities of practice (CoP’s) and task teams to take this on, together After recognizing the problem, what we need is to:After recognizing the problem, what we need is to:  Identify and pool together the resources (people, skillset, funding, …)  Form virtual teams (in what some calls, “fishnet organizations”)  Come up with the appropriate process and governance  Augment them with the right tools, and  Put them to work in a collaborative work environment One caveat: Didn’t we say “no one really understands it all” ?

9. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-139 introducing: Ontolog introducing: Ontolog (#) (#) Ontolog is an open, international, virtual community of practice, whose membership will:Ontolog is an open, international, virtual community of practice, whose membership will:   Discuss practical issues and strategies associated with the development and application of both formal and informal ontologies.   Identify ontological engineering approaches that might be applied to the UBL effort, as well as to the broader domain of eBusiness standardization efforts.   Strive to advance the field of ontological engineering and semantic technologies, and to help move them into main stream applications. An example:

10. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1310 [CCT-Representation] Project [CCT-Representation] Project (#) (#) Goal: To influence the adoption of ontologies and ontological engineering methodologies in eBusiness standards.Goal: To influence the adoption of ontologies and ontological engineering methodologies in eBusiness standards. Mission: To establish an Ontological Basis for ebXML Core Component Types ("CCT") using the methodologies the [ontolog-forum] has established for the UblOntology project; engage representation and participation from the ontological engineering and standards community (particularly from the standards community that developed and implemented the core component types); and, to produce a reference CCT ontology and a report on findings and recommendations for submission to UN/CEFACT CCTS (and possibly the Harmonization) working group(s).Mission: To establish an Ontological Basis for ebXML Core Component Types ("CCT") using the methodologies the [ontolog-forum] has established for the UblOntology project; engage representation and participation from the ontological engineering and standards community (particularly from the standards community that developed and implemented the core component types); and, to produce a reference CCT ontology and a report on findings and recommendations for submission to UN/CEFACT CCTS (and possibly the Harmonization) working group(s).UblOntology  Deliverables: a reference ontology of approved ebXML Core Component Types ("CCTONT")a reference ontology of approved ebXML Core Component Types ("CCTONT") a report on findings and recommendations regarding the current CCT specificationsa report on findings and recommendations regarding the current CCT specifications   Continuing work: With the KIF-based CCTONT as the normative ontology, start developing/translating/mapping it (in a "lossless" or "lossy" manner) to other languages and representations/languages/formats -- including, but not limited to (as resources and skillsets permit): OWL, XML/XSD, RDF/S, UML2/OCL, UMM/UML Class Diagram, SQL,... and continuously improve on that. Pilots / Cases in point Pilots / Cases in point (1)

11. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1311 [CCT-Rep] Project Results Focused work on the ebXML CCTS approved CCT’s: 10 Core Component Types, and their 44 Supplementary ComponentsFocused work on the ebXML CCTS approved CCT’s: 10 Core Component Types, and their 44 Supplementary Components 8 step project plan8 step project plan Over 20 members (active and observing); broad representation:Over 20 members (active and observing); broad representation: from multiple standards working groups; government and civilian efforts; ontologists and domain experts; …from multiple standards working groups; government and civilian efforts; ontologists and domain experts; … Learning and recommendations reported at the Semantic Harmonization Panel of EIDX Conference Dec. 2004 (4AH)Learning and recommendations reported at the Semantic Harmonization Panel of EIDX Conference Dec. 2004 (4AH)4AH Feedback and Recommendation forwarded to UN/CEFACT CCTS-WG Jan. 2005 (4AK)Feedback and Recommendation forwarded to UN/CEFACT CCTS-WG Jan. 2005 (4AK)4AK

12. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1312 CCT-Rep Project – Worksheet and Ontology

13. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1313 CCT-Rep Project – example: defining URI

14. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1314 CCTONT – Protégé version Thanks to Pat Cassidy, MICRA

15. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1315 Validation Tool (Screenshot) Thanks to Peter Denno, NIST Source: Peter Denno, NIST / Nov. 2004

16. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1316 XMDR Project (#) (#) Collaborative, interagency effortCollaborative, interagency effort  EPA, USGS, NCI, Mayo Clinic, DOD, LBNL …& others Extending ISO 11179 Metadata Registry with formal semanticsExtending ISO 11179 Metadata Registry with formal semantics  First using description logic (OWL), and eventually supporting full first-order logic (nascent Common Logic) Prototype includes inference as well as text searchPrototype includes inference as well as text search  Using Apache, Subversion, Lucene, Jena, Xerces, etc.  Variety of complex content, including Defense Technology Information Center (DTIC) Thesaurus, National Cancer Institute (NCI) Thesaurus & Data Elements, General Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus (GEMET), Environmental Data Registry (EDR) administered items, ISO 3166 Country Codes, USGS Geographic Names Many Players, Many Interests…Shared Context (Source: Kevin Keck / XMDR.org / Jun. 2005) Pilots / Cases in point Pilots / Cases in point (2)

17. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1317 [NHIN-RFI] Response & Pilot Project Ontolog-StanfordMedicalInformatics-SICoP joint effortOntolog-StanfordMedicalInformatics-SICoP joint effort Collaboratively authored the argument and a set of recommendations for the HHS/FHA and ONCHIT to adopt ontological engineering approaches, a common upper ontologies, open standards, open technology and an open community process to develop the NHIN of the futureCollaboratively authored the argument and a set of recommendations for the HHS/FHA and ONCHIT to adopt ontological engineering approaches, a common upper ontologies, open standards, open technology and an open community process to develop the NHIN of the future 20 members (active and observing); broad representation:20 members (active and observing); broad representation: Involvement of ontologists, clinical and healthcare system experts; with advice from leadership of standards working groups; government and citizen efforts; …Involvement of ontologists, clinical and healthcare system experts; with advice from leadership of standards working groups; government and citizen efforts; … RFI response was delivered on Jan. 18, 2005 (#)RFI response was delivered on Jan. 18, 2005 (#) (#) subsequent pilot/demo/presentation effort staged to reinforce our position (#)subsequent pilot/demo/presentation effort staged to reinforce our position (#) (#) Pilots / Cases in point Pilots / Cases in point (3)

18. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1318 Examples of Time Formalization WordNetWordNet  Time (Noun) SUMOSUMO HL-7*HL-7*  Time taxonomy fragment  TimingEvent model *See Patrick Cassidy’s notes: http://ontolog.cim3.net/forum/health-ont/2005-02/msg00011.html http://ontolog.cim3.net/forum/health-ont/2005-02/msg00011.html

19. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1319 WordNet “Time” (Noun) 1.S: (n) time, clip (an instance or single occasion for some event) "this time he succeeded"; "he called four times"; "he could do ten at a clip" 2.S: (n) time (an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities)) "he waited a long time"; "the time of year for planting"; "he was a great actor is his time" 3.S: (n) time (a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something) "take time to smell the roses"; "I didn't have time to finish"; "it took more than half my time" 4.S: (n) time (a suitable moment) "it is time to go" 5.S: (n) time (the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past) 6.S: (n) clock time, time (the time as given by a clock) "do you know what time it is?"; "the time is 10 o'clock" 7.S: (n) fourth dimension, time (the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event) 8.S: (n) time (a person's experience on a particular occasion) "he had a time holding back the tears"; "they had a good time together" 9.S: (n) meter, metre, time (rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration) 10.S: (n) prison term, sentence, time (the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned) "he served a prison term of 15 months"; "his sentence was 5 to 10 years"; "he is doing time in the county jail" Ref. Ref. http://wordnet.princeton.edu/http://wordnet.princeton.edu/

20. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1320 SUMO – “time” search (on Protégé-SKIF)

21. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1321 SUMO – TimeMeasure 1 (on Protégé-SKIF)

22. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1322 SUMO – TimeMeasure 2 (on Protégé-SKIF)

23. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1323 SUMO – TimeMeasure (on SIGMA-kee) Ref.: http://sigma2.cim3.net:8080/sigma/Browse.jsp?term=TimeMeasure&kb=SUMOhttp://sigma2.cim3.net:8080/sigma/Browse.jsp?term=TimeMeasure&kb=SUMO

24. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1324 Time Representation in HL7 The following was selected from the HL-7 taxonomy: DataTypeDataValueDataTypeDataValue DataTypeIntervalDataTypeInterval –DataTypeIntervalOfPhysicalQuantities –DataTypeIntervalOfPointsInTime DataTypeEventRelatedIntervalDataTypeEventRelatedInterval DataTypeGeneralTimingSpecificationDataTypeGeneralTimingSpecification DataTypePeriodicIntervalOfTimeDataTypePeriodicIntervalOfTime DataTypeQuantityDataTypeQuantity –DataTypePhysicalQuantity DataTypeParametricProbabilityDistributionOfPhysicalQuantitiesDataTypeParametricProbabilityDistributionOfPhysicalQuantities –DataTypePointInTime

25. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1325 HL-7 Timing Event Model Type Concept ID MnemonicDescription L: (AC) 10708AC Before meal (from lat.ante cibus) L: (ACD) 10712ACD Before lunch (from lat.ante cibus diurnus) L: (ACM) 10711ACM Before breakfast (from lat. Ante cibus matutinus) L: (ACV) 10713ACV Before dinner (from lat. Ante cibus vespertinus) L: (HS) 10707HS The hour of sleep (e.b., H18-22) L: (IC) 10710IC Between meals (from lat. Inter cibus) L: (ICD) 10718ICD Between lunch and dinner L: (ICM) 10717ICM Between breakfast and lunch L: (ICV) 10719ICV Between dinner and the hour or sleep L: (PC) 10709PC After meal (from lat. post cibus) L: (PCD) 10715PCD After lunch (from lat. post cibus diurnus) L: (PCM) 10714PCM After breakfast (from lat. post cibus matutinus) L: (PCV) 10716PCV After dinner (from lat. Post cibus vespertinus)

26. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1326 Reuse and Semantic Interoperability Multiple working groups shouldn't have to redefine basic conceptsMultiple working groups shouldn't have to redefine basic concepts  Undermines semantic interoperability across domains and systems  Varying quality of individual models  Limits downstream extensibility Ontology-based formalizations offer more rigorOntology-based formalizations offer more rigor  Typically leverage work of broader community of interests  Designed for reuse and extensibility  Generally reflect more thorough, higher-quality modeling  Reuse of Upper and Mid-level ontologies improves semantic alignment of Domain-Level ontologies and resulting implementations

27. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1327 Categories of Ontologies Diagram Source: Netcentric Semantic Linking (Mapping): An Approach for Enterprise Semantic Interoperability, Mary Pulvermacher, et. Al. MITRE, Feb. 22, 2005. SUMO DOLCE UpperCyc CCT-ONT HL7 RIM FEA-RMO SNOMED CT LOINC / EON UBL-ONT Examples:

28. Evolving_Standards--PeterYim_20050613.ppt / DRM_Public_Forum_2005-06-1328 The Bottom Line: We should not be duplicating low level effortsWe should not be duplicating low level efforts Can’t do this alone … CoP + augmented task teams is probably our answerCan’t do this alone … CoP + augmented task teams is probably our answer Need resources: skillset, funding … also organization (fishnet), discipline, governanceNeed resources: skillset, funding … also organization (fishnet), discipline, governance Commitment by all participantsCommitment by all participants Collaboration … and the real bottom line:Collaboration … and the real bottom line: … our own attitude toward sharing! … our own attitude toward sharing!