1. End Show Slide 1 of 37 Biology Organics Mr. Karns

2. End Show Slide 2 of 37 2–3 Carbon Compounds

3. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 3 of 37 The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Carbon atoms have four valence electrons that can join with the electrons from other atoms to form strong covalent bonds. A carbon atom can bond to other carbon atoms, giving it the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length.

4. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 4 of 37 The Chemistry of Carbon Living organisms are made of molecules that consist of carbon and other elements. Chains of carbon can even close upon themselves to form rings. Carbon has the ability to form millions of different large and complex structures.

5. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 5 of 37 Macromolecules Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization. The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers.

6. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 6 of 37 Macromolecules Monomers in a polymer may be identical, or the monomers may be different.

7. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 7 of 37 Macromolecules Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are: carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins

8. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 8 of 37 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1. There are 2 hydrogens to every 1 oxygen a 2 : 1 ratio like “surf city” not the beach boys, but Jan & Dean Click here to hear

9. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 9 of 37 Carbohydrates What is the function of carbohydrates?

10. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 10 of 37 Carbohydrates Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes. Animal- energy (mostly) Plant- structure and energy

11. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 11 of 37 Carbohydrates The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for all cell activities. Living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates known as starches.

12. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 12 of 37 Carbohydrates Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Glucose Starch

13. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 13 of 37 Carbohydrates Single sugar molecules are called monosaccharides. Monosaccharides include glucose, galactose (a component of milk), and fructose (found in many fruits). The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides are called polysaccharides.

14. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 14 of 37 Examples of monosaccharides Triose sugars (C 3 H 6 O 3 ) Pentose sugars (C 5 H 10 O 5 ) Hexose sugars (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) H C OH HO C H H C OH HO C H H C OH C O H C OH HO C H H C OH C O H H H HHH H H HHH H H H C CCC O O O O Aldoses Glyceraldehyde Ribose Glucose Galactose Dihydroxyacetone Ribulose Ketoses Fructose Figure 5.3

15. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 15 of 37 Carbohydrates Double sugar molecules are called Disaccharides. Disaccharides include sucrose or table sugar. It is made of a glucose and fructose bonded together. Molecular formula C 12 H 22 O 11 and when it is made a water molecule is formed. Polysaccharides- Larger carbohydrates are called Polysaccharides meaning many sugars Starch in plants, cellulose in plants Animals- Glycogen (stored in the liver is a polysaccharide made of monomers of sugar) Chitin- insect exoskeletons are polysaccharides

16. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 16 of 37 Examples of disaccharides Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose. The bonding of two glucose units forms maltose. The glycosidic link joins the number 1 carbon of one glucose to the number 4 carbon of the second glucose. Joining the glucose monomers in a different way would result in a different disaccharide. Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose. Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose. Notice that fructose, though a hexose like glucose, forms a five-sided ring. (a) (b) H HO H H OH H OH O H CH 2 OH H HO H H OH H OH O H CH 2 OH H O H H OH H OH O H CH 2 OH H H2OH2O H2OH2O H H O H HO H OH O H CH 2 OH HO OH H CH 2 OH H OH H H HO OH H CH 2 OH H OH H O O H OH H CH 2 OH H OH H O H OH CH 2 OH H HO O CH 2 OH H H OH O O 1 2 1 4 1– 4 glycosidic linkage 1–2 glycosidic linkage Glucose Fructose Maltose Sucrose OH H H Figure 5.5

17. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 17 of 37 Lipids Lipids are generally not soluble in water. Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms.

18. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 18 of 37 Lipids The common categories of lipids are: fats oils waxes steroids

19. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 19 of 37 Lipids What is the function of lipids?

20. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 20 of 37 Lipids Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.

21. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 21 of 37 Lipids Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty acids. If each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chains is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond, the lipid is said to be saturated. The term saturated is used because the fatty acids contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.

22. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 22 of 37 Lipids If there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid, it is unsaturated. Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than one double bond are polyunsaturated. Lipids that contain unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature.

23. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 23 of 37 Saturated fatty acids Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible Have no double bonds (a) Saturated fat and fatty acid Stearic acid Figure 5.12

24. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 24 of 37 Unsaturated fatty acids Have one or more double bonds (b) Unsaturated fat and fatty acid cis double bond causes bending Oleic acid Figure 5.12

25. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 25 of 37 Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.

26. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 26 of 37 Nucleic Acids Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar a phosphate group a nitrogenous base Individual nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to form a polynucleotide, or nucleic acid.

27. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 27 of 37 Nucleic Acids

28. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 28 of 37 Nucleic Acids What is the function of nucleic acids?

29. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 29 of 37 Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. There are two kinds of nucleic acids, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA contains the sugar ribose. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose.

30. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 30 of 37 Proteins Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids.

31. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 31 of 37 Proteins Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (-NH 2 ) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end.

32. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 32 of 37 Proteins The portion of each amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group.

33. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 33 of 37 Proteins The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA. Amino Acids Protein Molecule

34. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 34 of 37 Proteins What is the function of proteins?

35. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 35 of 37 Proteins Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles. Other proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.

36. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 36 of 37 Enzymes Are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions Substrate (sucrose) Enzyme (sucrase) Glucose OH H O H2OH2O Fructose 3 Substrate is converted to products. 1 Active site is available for a molecule of substrate, the reactant on which the enzyme acts. Substrate binds to enzyme. 22 4 Products are released. Figure 5.16

37. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 37 of 37 Enzymes

38. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 38 of 37 Proteins Proteins can have up to four levels of organization: 1.Amino acids have a specific protein chain. 2.The amino acids within a chain can be twisted or folded. 3.The chain itself is folded. 4.If a protein has more than one chain, each chain has a specific arrangement in space.

39. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 39 of 37 Four Levels of Protein Structure Primary structure Is the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide Figure 5.20 – Amino acid subunits + H 3 N Amino end o Carboxyl end o c Gly ProThr Gly Thr Gly Glu Seu Lys Cys Pro Leu Met Val Lys Val Leu Asp Ala Val Arg Gly Ser Pro Ala Gly lle Ser Pro Phe His Glu His Ala Glu Val Phe Thr Ala Asn Asp Ser Gly Pro Arg Tyr Thr lle Ala Leu Ser Pro Tyr Ser Tyr Ser Thr Ala Val Thr Asn Pro Lys Glu Thr Lys Ser Tyr Trp Lys Ala Leu Glu Lle Asp

40. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 40 of 37 OC  helix  pleated sheet Amino acid subunits N C H C O C N H C O H R C N H C O H C R N H H R C O R C H N H C O H N C O R C H N H H C R C O C O C N H H R C C O N H H C R C O N H R C H C O N H H C R C O N H R C H C O N H H C R C O N H H C R N H O O C N C R C H O C H R N H O C R C H N H O C H C R N H C C N R H O C H C R N H O C R C H H C R N H C O C N H R C H C O N H C Secondary structure Is the folding or coiling of the polypeptide into a repeating configuration Includes the  helix and the  pleated sheet H H Figure 5.20

41. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 41 of 37 Tertiary structure Is the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide Results from interactions between amino acids and R groups CH 2 CH OHOH O C HO CH 2 NH 3 + C -O-O CH 2 O SS CH CH 3 H3CH3C H3CH3C Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions Polypeptid e backbone Hyrdogen bond Ionic bond CH 2 Disulfide bridge

42. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 42 of 37 Quaternary structure Is the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits Polypeptid e chain Collagen  Chains  Chains Hemoglobin Iron Heme

43. End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 43 of 37 Denaturation Is when a protein unravels and loses its native conformation (Heating causes Denaturation) (wrong pH will also) Denaturation Renaturation Denatured proteinNormal protein Figure 5.22

44. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 44 of 37 2–3

45. End Show Slide 45 of 37 2–3 Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch are known as a.lipids. b.monosaccharides. c.proteins. d.polysaccharides.

46. End Show Slide 46 of 37 2–3 Many lipids are formed from glycerol and a.fatty acids. b.monosaccharides. c.amino acids. d.nucleic acids.

47. End Show Slide 47 of 37 2–3 Proteins are among the most diverse macromolecules because a.they contain both amino groups and carboxyl groups. b.they can twist and fold into many different and complex structures. c.they contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. d.their R groups can be either acidic or basic.

48. End Show Slide 48 of 37 2–3 Which of the following statements about cellulose is true? a.Animals make it and use it to store energy. b.Plants make it and use it to store energy. c.Animals make it and use it as part of the skeleton. d.Plants make it and use it to give structural support to cells.

49. End Show Slide 49 of 37 2–3 A major difference between polysaccharides and proteins is that a.plants make polysaccharides, while animals make proteins. b.proteins are made of monomers, while polysaccharides are not. c.polysaccharides are made of monosaccharides, while proteins are made of amino acids. d.proteins carry genetic information, while polysaccharides do not.

50. END OF SECTION