2. Kinematics Vs Transient Thermal Processes for I.C. Engines P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department Intelligence to Control Method & Pace of EngineCycle actualization ….

3. Species Simple brain-to body ratio (E:S) [1] [1] small ants1:7 [2] [2] tree shrew1:10 small birds1:14 human1:40 mouse1:40 cat1:110 dog1:125 squirrel1:150 frog1:172 lion1:550 elephant1:560 horse1:600 shark1:2496 hippopotamus1:2789

4. Effect of Stroke Length on Engine Kinematics Instantaneous Piston Displacement:

5. Minimum, Maximum & Instantaneous Volumes of Thermodynamic System

6. Instantaneous Cylinder Volume Instantaneous volume of the Thermodynamic system Instantaneous Surface area of the Thermodynamic system For a given displacement volume, V d & squareness, R BS

7. Displacement Volume at Any Crank Angle

8. Relative location of piston center w.r.t. Crank Axis at any crank angle

9. Instantaneous Engine Cylinder Volume

10. Instantaneous Displacement Volume & Compression Ratio

11. Engine Geometric Ratios Engine Compression Ratio Cylinder Bore-to-Stroke Ratio Kinematic Rod Ratio

12. Define Rod ratio

13. The Geometrical Description of Engine Cylinder

14. Rod ratio Instantaneous non-dimensional Displacement Volume

15. Instantaneous Cylinder Volume : Dynamic Cylinder Volume

16. Instantaneous Thermodynamic Parameters

17. Trending of Current Practice: Bore/Stroke Ratio Bore – to –Stroke Ratio

18. Extreme Limits of R B The extremes to this relationship is the inertial forces originating from the piston motion. To achieve high power density, the engine must operate at a high engine speed (up to 18,000 rpm for the Formula 1 engine), which leads to high inertial forces that must be limited by using a large bore-to-stroke ratio. For applications that demand high efficiency requires a slower engine speed and lower power density. And hence, a small bore-to-stroke ratio is necessary, again because of the inertial forces of the piston, For the marine application that has a 2.5 m stroke, the engine speed is limited to 102 rpm.

19. The Ineresting News The world’s biggest engine is the Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96. It’s the largest internal combustion engine ever built by man. Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C is a 14-cylinder, turbocharged diesel engine that was specially designed to power the Emma Maersk which is owned by the Danish Maersk. Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96, the world’s biggest engine, has a weight of 2.3 million kilogrammes. If the weight of the average adult person is 70 kgs, this world’s biggest engine has a weight equivalent to the weight of 33,000 people.

20. Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C

21. Economies of Scale in Sea Transportation Maersk Lines have done the world proud by providing cheap sea transportation that is costing cents instead of a dollar per every kg weight. They are able to do this by using economies of scale in sea transportation. It is getting cheaper to ship goods from USA to China and from China to USA. It has now become cheaper to transport goods from China to a US port than to transport the same goods from a US port to the final destination inland of US by a truck.