1. Gas Laws Why does a gas station sell liquid fuel?

2. Values and units P—mmHg, atm, torr, kPa, Pa T—k (could be given o C ) V—ml,L,m 3 n—mol (could be given # of particles, mass) (special cases) FM—g/mol (or kg/mol)D—g/L Rate or speed—m/s

3. Boyle’s Law Pressure & volume are inversely related PV=k P 1 V 1 =P 2 V 2 When the pressure goes up, volume goes down. P V At a constant temperature!

4. For example: If a sample of helium has a volume of 433 ml at a pressure of 88 kPa, what will its volume be if the pressure is increased to 2.8 atm?

5. Charles’ Law Temperature & volume are directly related V/T=k V 1 /T 1 =V 2 /T 2 When the temperature goes up, volume goes up. T V At a constant pressure!

6. Charles’ Law Temperature & volume are directly related V/T=k V 1 /T 1 =V 2 /T 2 When the temperature goes up, volume goes up. T V At a constant pressure! Is it hot in here?

7. Charles’ Law Temperature & volume are directly related V/T=k V 1 /T 1 =V 2 /T 2 When the temperature goes up, volume goes up. T V At a constant pressure! You must use absolute temperatures

8. For example: If a sample of oxygen has a volume of 2.4 m 3 at 19 o C, what will its volume be if the temperature is increased to 155 o C?

9. For example: If a sample of chlorine has a volume of 12 L at 38 o C, at what temperature will its volume be 17 L?

10. Gay-Lussac’s Law Temperature & pressure are directly related P/T=k P 1 /T 1 =P 2 /T 2 When the temperature goes up, pressure goes up. T P At a constant volume!

11. For example: A tire is fairly flat (P=1200 mmHg) at -5 o C on a cold morning. At what temperature would it reach its normal 3.5 atmospheres if you were to heat it up instead of pumping more air in?

12. Avogadro’s Law Volume & # of particles are directly related V/n=k V 1 /n 1 =V 2 /n 2 When the number of particles goes up, volume goes up. n V At a constant pressure and temperature!

13. For example: If nitrogen and hydrogen gasses are mixed in stoichiometric ratio (1:3) in a 120 L tank and the introduction of a catalyst allows the volume to fall to 110 L at the same pressure and temperature, what is K for the formation of ammonia?

14. Combined Gas Law Pressure, volume & temperature relationship PV/T=k P 1 V 1 /T 1 =P 2 V 2 /T 2

15. Combined Gas Law P 1 V 1 /T 1 =P 2 V 2 /T 2 Solve for V 2 Solve for T 1

16. Combined Gas Law P 1 V 1 /T 1 =P 2 V 2 /T 2 Solve for V 2 = P 1 V 1 T 2 /T 1 P 2 Solve for T 2 = P 2 V 2 T 1 /P 1 V 1

17. For example: If a sample of hydrogen has a volume of 56 ml at STP, what will its volume be 19 o C and.84 atm?

18. For example: If a sample of hydrogen has a volume of 56 ml at STP, what will its volume be 19 o C and.84 atm? STP=standard temperature and pressure = 273k, 1.00 atm

19. PS The standard molar volume for an ideal gas is: at STP 22.4L/mol

20. PS is about 22.4L/mol

21. Ideal Gas Law Pressure, volume, temperature & mole relationship PV/nT=R P 1 V 1 /n 1 T 1 =P 2 V 2 /n 2 T 2 =R PV=nRT Ideal Gas constant.0821 L atm/mol k 8.31 J/mol k An ideal gas has particles of zero volume, with no attraction to each other!

22. Ideally… A?3.8 ml.12 mol58 o C B725 mmHg ?4.9 mol198 o C C325 kPa2.9 m 3 ?257 k D1.2 atm9.1 L.85 mol?

23. Van der Waals Gas Law A more precise pressure, volume, temperature and mole relationship P V =nRT  (P+an 2 /V 2 )(V-nb)=nRT  A little more realistic Ideal behavior Correction of the pressure to account for the real attraction between real gas particles Correction of the volume to account for the real size of the gas particles

24. For example: Calculate the pressure of 2.000 mole NH 3 in a 5.000 L container at 300.0 k with ideal behavior. Do the same with the van der Waals approximation (a=4.17, b=.0371) How do these two answers differ? Why?

25. Dalton’s law of partial pressures The total pressure of a mixture of gasses is the sum of the partial pressures. P 1 +P 2 +…=P total Even better: The pressure a single gas in a mixture exerts is that pressure that it would exert if it were in the container alone

26. For example: A flask contains 1.32 x 10 23 atoms of Ne, 48 g Ar, 2.3 mol He and some xenon, at 27 o C. If the flask has a volume of 24.0 L, what is the maximum amount of xenon it could hold if it will explode if the pressure exceeds 10.0 atm?

27. For example: A flask contains 2.9 mol O 2, 4.1 mol NH 3 and.5 mol CO 2 The flask has a volume of 50.0 L, and a temperature of 550k. If a spark is introduced, the ammonia burns to form nitrogen monoxide and water vapor. Suppose the reaction goes to completion. What is the pressure in the flask after the reaction if the temperature remains constant?

28. Solution? After: 2.32 mol NO 3.48 mol H 2 O No O 2 4.1-2.32=1.78 mol NH 3 left over.5 mol CO 2 unchanged 8.08 mol total  7.30 atm.

29. Graham’s Law of Effusion The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass R 1 =M 2 R 2 M 1 The heavy gas is slower!

30. PS Graham’s Law is used to separate U-235 (.7%) from U-238 (99.3%) by gas diffusion. A massively heavy gas, UF 6, is prepared and allowed to escape slowly through a tiny opening. The 235 UF 6 is 1% lighter, so it escapes just a touch better. The second container might have up to 1.5% U-235

31. Consider krypton and fluorine gasses. Which is faster? How many times as fast?

32. Now for a real speed. The average velocity of particles in a sample of gas is likely zero, but the particles are moving The root mean square velocity (u rms ) of a gas depends on its mass and temperature. u rms = 3kT/m or u rms = 3RT/FM Masses in kilograms!

33. What is the velocity of the particles in.. Oxygen gas at 122 k? Helium at -29 o C? How do these answers differ? Why?