1. Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America Chapter 35

2. Intro: Asian Pathways to Autonomy WWI had indirect impact on relations between Asians and imperial powers Nationalism: desire for independence, European ideologies, Japan’s militarism and imperialism based identity Disorder and struggle: India (sectarian differences), China (war of ideologies), and Japan (conquest of China)

3. India’s Quest for Home Rule Nationalism threatened Britain’s hold: railroad and Indian educated elite – Indian National Congress: wanted self-rule – Muslim League: wanted self-rule, but feared Hindu oppression After war: social discontent, Wilson’s 14 points (self-determination), and Lenin’s ideas – British responded with repressive measures

4. Gandhi Leader of I.N.C. – mixed spirituality and politics = broad appeal (= Mahatma “great soul”) – two concepts: ahimsa (tolerance and non-violence) and passive resistance – Also, simple living, eradicate caste, improve lives of untouchables, anti-industrialism Called for boycotts of British goods and institutions -> self-sufficiency

5. The India Act British compromise: self-governing (elected legislative body with executive under British control), 1937 – But: sovereign princes wouldn’t cooperate, Muslims feared Hindus would dominate legislature Calls for formation of Muslim state: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, head of Muslim League, advocated for Pakistan

6. China’s Search for Order 1912: Sun Yatsen proclaims Chinese republic and becomes president – -> anarchy, economic issues, rule by warlords (ignored irrigation, revived opium, decline of economic investments) – Plus, unequal treaties were still in effect, which impaired sovereignty

7. Chinese Nationalism Post-war optimism, but Japan ended up gaining even more influence -> May 4 th movement: students and urban intellectuals protested Japanese/foreign influence 1921: Chinese Communist Party organized Sun Yatsen’s ideology: no unequal treaties, reunification, economic development, democratic republic, universal suffrage 1923: CCP members join NPP (both received aid from Soviets)

8. Civil War Chiang Kai-Shek took over NPP: launched offensive to unify the nation under NPP – 1927: split from CCP, occupied Beijing, set up gov’t, while CCP retreated to SE to reorganize – Little impact from Depression, because not connected to global economy 1930s: 3 problems – warlords still controlled some areas, communist threat, and Japanese aggression

9. Civil War (cont.) NPP wanted to eliminate communists: 1934: CCP Long March to NW China, inspiring many peasants to join Mao Zedong emerged as leader and developed Chinese form of Marxist Leninism = Maoism (with peasants as foundation of the revolution)

10. Imperial and Imperialist Japan Appeared to accept post-war status quo: joined League of Nations, treaties to improve relations War had boosted economy: munitions to allies, took over markets in Asia – But, then: inflation, labor unrest, recession, Great Depression – -> public demanded reform, end to party rule, attempts to eradicate western influence, political assassinations

11. Imperial and Imperialist Japan (cont.) Opposing views for the future: industrial- capitalist role vs. militarism and self-sufficiency China’s unification and NPP/CCP issues threatened interests in Manchuria -> Mukden Incident: blew up their railroad and blamed Chinese = excuse to take over Manchuria as puppet state – League of Nations did nothing

12. Intro: Africa Under Colonial Domination Fight for independence complicated by WWI and Great Depression Forced into war Expected postwar self-determination Instead, Europeans consolidated hold on colonies, destroying self-sufficiency Nationalist movements and new national identities

13. Africa and the Great War Every colony took sides (except Spain’s) Allies invaded German colonies: Germany lost African soldiers fought in Africa, SW Asia, western front As war continued, many Europeans left colonies to fights -> revolts for various reasons (resistance, pan-Islamism, conscription), which were put down

14. The Colonial Economy 2 objectives: make colonies pay for themselves and focus on export of raw materials and cash crops – Destroyed self-sufficiency -> part of global economy -> impact from Great Depression – Infrastructure for integration – Africans forced into labor market (as cash crop farmers, plantation workers, or miners) by taxation or through forced labor

15. African Nationalism Disappointment from unrewarded war efforts + colonial consolidation => nationalist movements Esp. by the new elite (European educated professionals): embraced Eur. concept of “nation” to unify different groups, but how to define it? Based on history? Ethnicity? Race (pan- Africanism)? Colonial boundaries?

16. Intro: Latin American Struggles with Neocolonialism Independent, but struggled to achieve economic and political stability due to interference from foreign powers – = neocolonialism (foreign economic domination, plus military and political intervention) – Esp. U.S. and G.B. Nationalist leaders try to combat it

17. Impact of the Great War and the Great Depression Radical ideas spread: anti-neocolonial and communist ideas spread, esp. in universities -> call for reform and = training ground for future leaders Political parties, for communism and other radical ideologies formed 1920s-30s: violence, strikes for indigenous rights, anti-imperialism, and radicalism against military and landed elites Even art became politicized (e.g., Diego Rivera)

18. The Evolution of Economic Imperialism Status quo: economy under control of foreign investors (esp. G.B. and U.S.) U.S. role grew as investments increased in 1920s (esp. in mining and oil) Dollar diplomacy: avoid military intervention, control through economy

19. Impact of the Great Depression Great Depression had impact, as L.A. was part of global economy: U.S. stopped investing Plus, depended on export of agricultural and raw materials, whose prices dropped -> unemployment -> tried economic nationalism Encouraged domestic manufacturing with some success (e.g., industry and social welfare in Brazil)

20. Conflicts with a “Good Neighbor” U.S. reassessment of foreign policy in late 1920s- 30s: less intervention Sweetheart treaties: financial control in Haiti and D.R., plus training of local police forces = FDR’s Good Neighbor policy

21. Nicaragua 1920s: civil war – U.S. Marines repeatedly restored order to protect U.S. economic interests (esp. UFC) – Sandino (Sandinistas) led opposition, as a liberal nationalist – U.S. trained national guard, supervised elections, and left – National Guard murdered Sandino (-> martyr) – Government = “friends” with U.S.

22. Mexico 1933: U.S. renounced Roosevelt corollary But, 1938: Mexico’s president nationalized the oil industry (which had been controlled by U.S. and British investors) – Foreign investors were compensated, but not happy – Mexican people loved it

23. Neighborly Cultural Exchanges U.S. really wanted foreign markets close to home (esp. with another war on the horizon) Mexican migration increased postwar for agricultural and industrial work (with deportations in Great Depression) Hollywood incorporated growing Latin acceptance and stereotypes: Carmen Miranda, Chiquita banana