1. THE ROMAN EMPIRE Rome

2. The Empire Takes Shape Rome had conquered much land when it was a Republic Augustus expanded Roman territory further  Britain to Egypt  Romans called Mediterranean mare nostrum  “our sea”

3. Augustus and the Senate Augustus had ignored Senate when trying to gain power  Respected Senate once in power to avoid looking like a king  Said he wanted to share power with Senate  This led people to give him as much power as Emperor as he wanted

4. Ruling the Empire Empire divided into provinces  Each was ruled by governor  Governor was supported by army  Built a capital city in each province Romans made some conquered people as slaves  Most were allowed to remain free Empire allowed many freedoms for conquered people  Allowed to rule themselves on local level  Could practice same religion  They did have to buy Roman goods, pay taxes

5. Nero and Caligula Augustus died in 14AD  Some terrible emperors came after him Caligula  Proclaimed himself a god  Cruel Nero  Murdered half-brother, mother, and wife Both possibly insane  So despised by later Romans that they tried to remove them from official records

6. 5 Good Emperors Only 1 of these had a son  Instead they had to choose successors Hadrian  Laws protected women, children, and slaves  Standard laws throughout empire  Reorganized army so that soldiers defended the lands where they lived  Hadrian’s Wall in England Marcus Aurelius  Last of the “good emperors”  Chose son, Commodus, to rule  Commodus was a terrible ruler

7. Greek Influence Romans admired Greek achievements  Hadrian spoke Greek better than Latin  Marcus Aurelius wrote a philosophy book in Greek  Many Romans visited Greece to study Polytheism  Belief in many gods  Romans took many Greek gods, changed names  Zeus – Jupiter, Athena – Minerva  Adopted heroes as well: Hercules – Heracles Followed up on Greek scientific achievements  More interested in using them practically, however

8. Roman Achievements Arch  Allowed for larger ceilings and doorways Concrete  Allowed for taller and sturdier buildings Colosseum  Site for Roman entertainment  Held crowd of 50,000  Could be flooded for naval reenactments in boats  Elevators Roads  Built all around empire to help army travel quickly  Primarily built in straight lines Aqueducts  Carried water all over empire

9. Code of Justinian “No one suffers a penalty for what he thinks” “No one may be forcibly removed from his own house” “The burden of proof is upon the person who accuses”  Innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt  Right to face accusers “In inflicting penalties, the age and inexperience of the guilty person must be taken into account”