1. Glass Fractures and Fragments

2. Determining point of impact and direction of force Broken glass shows two kinds of fractures: primary (made first), and secondary (made after the first) Primary fractures are radial-they look like spokes on a wheel Secondary fractures are concentric- they look like broken circles around the point of impact

4. Window Glass Edges of broken pieces of window glass bear a number of curved lines, called ridge lines. These ridge lines are almost parallel to one side of the glass and perpendicular to the other. Ridge lines are often visible to the naked eye. Radial fractures follow the 4 R rule: Ridge lines on Radial fractures are at Right angles to the Rear of impact (opposite side). This rule is only valid from point of impact to the first concentric fracture and valid only to the first bend in the glass. You must find the point of impact to be able to find the direction of the force.

5. Windshield Glass Determining the point of impact and direction of force is more difficult in windshield glass. Windshield glass is safety glass. The cracking of safety glass is often incomplete. The binding agent stops the shattering of the glass. If concentric and radial cracks are on one side this is the side of impact. If only radial and no concentric are found on one side, this is the side away from impact. The cracked side may be found by sliding a fingernail or sharp-pointed instrument along the glass surface across the apparent cracks.

7. Collecting and Handling Glass and glass fragments must be photographed and located on your crime scene sketch before they are touched or moved When collecting fragments, avoid smudging prints or disturbing dust, dirt, bloodstains or other foreign matter which may be on the glass. Wear rubber or fabric gloves Use rubber-tipped tweezers to handle small fragments, you could also use tape Pick up by edges- avoid touching flat sides of pieces

8. Marking Mark with a diamond point or Carborundum pencil, adhesive tape or grease pencil may also work Mark only where there is no deposit of value as evidence Mark on a side that was found facing up Fragments too small for markings go into containers

9. Preserving Wrap glass or fragments in soft paper, cotton, or like material so they don’t break, do this in a way to avoid damage to prints or other evidence Mark containers as fragile

10. Bullet Hole Fractures A bullet will make a pretty clean cut hole in glass As it penetrates, it pushes glass fragments ahead of it, this causes a saucer-shaped or coning depression on the exit side, with a greater diameter than the entrance hole If you have two or more bullet holes, you can determine which one occurred first by looking at the fractures, the first bullet will have complete fractures, the subsequent ones will have fractures that stop when they get to the original fractures.

11. Bullet Hole Fractures

13. Blunt Object Fractures Glass fractures caused by a blunt object will show a pattern of fractures but not as regular of a pattern as the fractures from a bullet The difference is due to the impacting force being dispersed over a greater area.

14. Blunt Object Fractures

15. Heat Fractures Wave shaped No regular pattern of radial or concentric lines Show little if any curve patterns along the edges Expansion of glass occurs first on the side exposed to the heat

16. Heat Fractures