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Psychodynamic Approach

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1 Psychodynamic Approach
Associated with Sigmund Freud

2 Objectives: To know the basic principles of the psychodynamic approach to psychopathology. To evaluate the psychodynamic approach as an explanation for abnormality

3 What cause psychopathology (abnormal behaviour)?

4 Models of Abnormality Thinking Processes Emotional Processes
Learned Behaviours Biological Processes

5 Models of Abnormality We will now focus on the Psychodynamic approach
Behavioural processes Thinking & emotional processes Conscious Unconscious Biological processes We will now focus on the Psychodynamic approach Learning of behaviour Faulty thinking & perception Repressed memories & emotions Genetics Structural damage Chemicals

6 Psychodynamic Approach
The psychodynamic approach aims to explain behaviour in terms of it’s dynamics – the forces that drives it. Freud’s psychoanalytical theory of personality is the best known of these theories. Freud challenged the medical model – he thought mental disorders were caused by psychological & not physical factors. Freud ( )

7 Sigmund Freud….associated with
Unconscious Mind Freudian Slips Dreams Psychological defence mechanisms The structure of personality Psychosexual development

8 One Key assumption of the psychodynamic approach
That a large part of the mind is ‘unconscious’ but it can affect our feelings, thoughts and behaviour

9 The Mind According to Freud
The conscious. The small amount of mental activity we know about. The preconscious. Things we could be aware of if we wanted or tried. The unconscious. Things we are unaware of and can not become aware of. Thoughts Perceptions Memories Stored knowledge Fears Unacceptable desires Violent motives Irrational wishes Immoral urges Selfish needs Shameful experiences Traumatic experiences Bad Worse Really Bad

10 The ICEBERG model of mind
This diagram is often used to represent Freud’s view of the mind and personality. Freud claimed our personality develops from interactions between innate drives and early life experiences.

11 Pre-conscious: Contains thoughts that can become conscious to us.
Thoughts arising from the unconscious that may at a later stage become conscious are stored here.

12 Consciousness: The Conscious State: Means all the mental processes that we are directly aware of at a given moment. Thoughts that are suitable for us to be aware of pass from the unconscious to the conscience mind.

13 Unconscious: This part of the mind is NOT accessible and contains our inner drives and repressed experiences. All thoughts start here Biological instincts originate from here including unacceptable sexual thoughts. It contains the Eros and Thanatos instincts including the Libido which can manifests into the sex drive. Thoughts that do not go into the pre-conscious must be actively repressed- this is a dynamic process, although we are unaware of it happening.

14 Unconscious: Has no logic and makes no distinctions between reality and fantasy (carrying out sexual desires). Unconscious thoughts try to actively get though to or consciousness. Can use symbols such as in dreams. Can hold two conflicting thoughts at the same time- eg. Feeling love and hate . Influences behaviour in logical ways- or so Freud though- eg Freudian slips.

15 Revealing inner thoughts:
Actively repressing inner thought takes up energy (psychic energy originates in the unconscious) Thought are sublimated i.e. channelled into other forms Freudian slips. Parapraxes Dreams Neurotic symptoms.

16 Top ten Freudian slips on TV

17 The Psyche –the tripartite structural model
Id: Instincts Pleasure principle Ego: Conscious Reality principle Superego: Conscience Morality

18 Personality Development
Freud believed that the id, ego and super ego were separate and conflicting forces, They need to be balanced for good mental health and normal behaviour

19 Id Super Ego Ego Personality

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21 Development of the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO
At birth, personality is ruled by ID (pleasure principle) Early childhood (~1yr), EGO starts to develop (reality principle) – develops because realise we can’t always get what we want. Later childhood (~5yrs), the SUPER EGO emerges (Morality principle) Innate drive to seek immediate satisfaction of pleasure through libido (sexual energy) , agression and/or violence. Reality creeps in, it can’t always get what it wants, has to accommodate the environment. Regulates interactions with the here and now/environment. Balancing demands of the superego with the drives of the id. Conscience, sense of right and wrong. Pesonal moral authority, developed through identification and influence of parents. Societal norms are internalised. Because the id is present from birth but the ego and super ego develop through childhood, Freud thought that early childhood experiences were key to understanding adulthood disorders. This is because the immature ego may have struggled to contain drives of the idand the morals of the superego (once formed).

22 OK Guys – I’m in charge. Anything you want has to go through me.
Healthy Psyche OK Guys – I’m in charge. Anything you want has to go through me. OK. OK. Ego Id Superego

23 Neurotic Psyche Listen up! I’m in charge, and you are not here to enjoy yourselves. Get ready for a double-size portion of anxiety with a side order of guilt! No fun. >whimper< Superego Id Ego

24 Psychotic Psyche Sex! Food! Drink! Drugs! NOW!
Who turned out the lights? Id Ego Superego

25 Psychopathic Psyche OK. First, gimme food. Then I want sex – lots of it and I don’t particularly care whether it’s with a willing partner. Then I want to hurt people. Badly. Probably be hungry again after that so… OK then. Let’s go.

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27 Ego Defence Mechanisms
Repression Conflict between the ID and Super ego cause the individual to experience anxiety. The Ego is a mediator in these conflicts and uses unconscious defence mechanisms to reduce the anxiety. Projection Regression Displacement These can lead to disturbed behaviour if they are overused. E.g. Maternal rejection can lead to regression.

28 Bad thought/Urge Help!! Stressed Ego! Intellectualise or
Rationalise It Repress It Deny It Defence Mechanisms Displace It Project It

29 Defence Mechanisms

30 3rd important assumption
The first 5 years of life are important to personality development All children pass through the same 5 stages, if issues remain unresolved in any of these stages it can lead to later personality problems Libido is sexual energy an instinctive energy. We are born with innate drives.

31 5 Psychosexual Stages Freud said all children go through these stages of development. The order cannot be changed At each stage the libido (inborn energy) is concentrated in different parts of the body. The child is driven to satisfy the libido since satisfaction gives pleasure. What happens during these stages affects the adult personality.

32 Psychosexual Development
We all pass through psychosexual stages in childhood – conflicts/fixations in these stages can lead to later behaviour being affected. Oral (0-1) – pleasure from mouth/sucking Anal (1-3) – pleasure from anal region Phallic (3-6) – pleasure from the genitals Latency (6-12) – less concentration on sexual areas – development of other activities. Genital (Puberty +) – pleasure through heterosexual relationships. This part of Freudian theory is without doubt the most controversial. It is not totally separate from the theory of personality because to some extent he is explaining how the three parts of the personality develop in the way that they do. The theory is controversial from the onset seeing the infant as a sexual being .By this he means that the child has a desire for sensual pleasure from birth and that the child isn’t divorced from its sexuality until it suddenly arrives in the adult being. Many people struggle to see children as sexual beings today so you can imagine the reception Freud got in Victorian times. Nevertheless this theory is a central part of the psychodynamic perspective. By saying the child is a sexual being he does not mean that the child desires sexual intercourse, just that the child desires sensual pleasure and gratification of such desires. Freud says that these desires are focussed on certain erogenous zones at different times in the child’s psycho-sexual development. In each stage the child must get enough gratification in order that they are ready to move on, but if they get too much gratification this can cause problems. And so, too much or too little gratification in a stage will cause problems of a fairly specific nature later on in life. When a person gets stuck in a stage they are said to be fixated or arrested in the stage of psycho-sexual development.

33 Psychosexual stages We are all hedonistic- that is we are driven to satisfy the instinctual demands of the ID Sources of pleasure are determined by the libido (life force) As a child moves through different stages of development (psychosexual stages) the sources of pleasure change

34 Fixation Oral Anal Phallic
Forceful feeding Deprivation Early weaning Oral activities (e.g. smoking), dependency, aggression. Oral Toilet training: Too harsh Too lax Obsessiveness, tidiness, mean-ness; untidiness, generosity Anal Abnormal family set-up leading to unusual relationship with mother/father Vanity, self-obsession, sexual anxiety , inadequacy, inferiority, envy Phallic

35 Homework Using the internet research the following case studies conducted by Freud: Little Hans Anna O.

36 Homework Using the internet research the following case studies conducted by Freud: Little Hans Anna O.

37 Evaluation? Importance of psychological factors Deterministic
Influential Validity? Testable? Reliant on interpretation Repressed memories, but reliable? Reliant on case studies Emphasis or overemphasis on childhood? Falsifiable research methods?

38 Using pages in your textbook and pages in the Collins book create your own mind map of the psychodynamic approach and evaluation points.

39 Psycho Quiz! What term did Freud use to describe the dynamics of the personality? _ _ _ _ _ _ Freud disputed that what caused mental illness? Which structure in the personality is based on the reality principle? Which structures impulses can lead to psychopathic adult behaviour if not kept in check. Experiences in which time period of our lives are most important according to Freud? Name one defence mechanism. Defence mechanisms are used to reduce what that stems from what? Outline one criticism of the psychodynamic approach.

40 Objectives: To know the basic principles of psychoanalysis for treating psychopathology. To evaluate this approach to therapy.

41 Psychoanalysis

42 Ink Blots Fold your paper in half. Put some paint on one half
No patterns Do not think about it Fold the paper in half What do you see….?

43 Ink Blots What do you see….?
Use your imagination, what can you see in your ink blot? Write you thoughts on your ink blot. Extension: On another piece of paper, write down a recent dream you had.

44 Psychoanalysis Many mental disorders are caused by unconscious factors and repressed material. Therefore the individual is unaware of what is causing their mental ill health. So main aim of therapies is to uncover this repressed material. Once uncovered, they are able to release the power it has over their behaviour (e.g. causing their mental illness) This is called catharsis.

45 Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is often called a ‘talking cure’ and from this many other techniques were developed to uncover the unconscious. Dream analysis Free association Projective tests

46 Free Association http://www.psychexchange.co.uk/videos/view/20682/
Patient is encouraged to express their thoughts exactly as they come into their mind, even though they may seem irrelevant or inappropriate. The ego will attempt the censor what is said, but the free thinking allows previously unconscious thoughts to slip through. Bring into consciousness memories that have been repressed. This releases the power it had over their behaviour – hence a ‘talking cure’.

47 Free Association Patient is encouraged to express their thoughts exactly as they come into their mind, even though they may seem irrelevant or inappropriate. The ego will attempt the censor what is said, but the free thinking allows previously unconscious thoughts to slip through. The therapist does not react especially not negatively. Bring into consciousness memories that have been repressed. This releases the power it had over their behaviour – hence a ‘talking cure’. The therapist will try to interpret what is said to understand unconscious conflicts.

48 Free Association Patient is encouraged to express their thoughts exactly as they come into their mind, even though they may seem irrelevant or inappropriate. The ego will attempt the censor what is said, but the free thinking allows previously unconscious thoughts to slip through. The therapist does not react especially not negatively. Bring into consciousness memories that have been repressed. This releases the power it had over their behaviour – hence a ‘talking cure’. The therapist will try to interpret what is said to understand unconscious conflicts.

49 Dream Analysis ‘The royal road to the unconscious.’
The symbolic imagery of dreams was a reflection of unconscious material. Obvious content– called the manifest content. Beneath the manifest content lies the actual meaning – the latent content. Therapist identifies unconscious which are causing the mental illness. For example, dream with knife (manifest content), this might be symbolic of castration (latent content)…. Oedipus complex.

50 Dream Analysis ‘The royal road to the unconscious.’
The symbolic imagery of dreams was a reflection of unconscious material when the ego defences are lowered. Obvious content– called the manifest content. Beneath the manifest content lies the actual meaning – the latent content.Therapist guides the individual to uncover the latent content. For example, dream with knife (manifest content), this might be symbolic of castration (latent content)…. Oedipus complex. A collapsing bridge might represent marriage breakdown.

51 Projective Tests Patient required to project or impose their own thoughts and associations on stimulus material. For example, Rorschach ink blot test. These ink blots are deliberately ambiguous. People are asked to describe what they see in the ink blot. Principle underlying this therapy is that people will project their own unconscious concerns, fears and wishes onto the material.

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53 Freudian Symbolism Long things that ‘jut out’: Penis
Mountains, sticks, umbrellas, poles, trees, baguettes, snakes Objects which can be lengthened: Penis Aeriels, extendable pens, Objects from which water run: Phallus Pipes, fountains, taps, watering-pots, hoses Things which go ‘up’: Erection Helicopters, aeroplanes, rockets Penetration Knives, weapons, swords, guns, rifles, cannons

54 Freudian Symbolism Hollow objects that contain things: Vagina
Cupboards, tunnels, boxes, bottles, suitcases, tins, pockets Entrances: Vagina Doors, gates, castles. Curvey objects: Breasts Footballs, apples, peaches, other fruits, Playing: Masturbation Rhythmical activities: Sexual intercourse Dancing, climbing, riding. Authority figures: Father + the oedipus/electra complex Police, teachers, doctors…

55 Using page 195 (2 columns on the right) and the handout write notes on the evaluation of psychoanalysis.


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