2. Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns
What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?
Stomata – pores used for gas exchange
Roots – absorb water & minerals from underground
Apical meristems – tips of shoots & roots where growth occurs
Cuticle – waxy covering to prevent water loss thru leaves
Jacketed gametangia – gamete producing organ with protective
jacket of cells to prevent dehydration
- Sporopollenin – polymer that formed around exposed zygotes & forms
walls of plant spores preventing dehydration
Lignin – structural polymer that provides strength for woody tissues

3. Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns
What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?
What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution?
Movement to land led to Bryophytes (mosses & worts)
Tougher spores (sporopollenin)
Jacketed gametangia
Vascular tissue (ferns)
Cells joined to transport water & nutrients
Lacked seeds
Development of seeds (Gymnosperms)
More protection of embryo
Embryo w/ food
Development of flowers (Angiosperms)
Complex reproductive structure

4. Figure 29.7 Highlights of plant evolution
Bryophytes
(nonvascular plants)
Seedless vascular plants
Seed plants
Vascular plants
Land plants
Origin of seed plants
(about 360 mya)
Origin of vascular
plants (about 420 mya)
Origin of land plants
(about 475 mya)
Ancestral
green alga
Charophyceans
Liverworts
Hornworts
Mosses
Lycophytes
(club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts)
Pterophytes
(ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

5. Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns
What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?
What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution?
Movement to land led to Bryophytes (mosses & worts)
Tougher spores (sporopollenin)
Jacketed gametangia
Vascular tissue (ferns)
Cells joined to transport water & nutrients
Lacked seeds
Development of seeds (Gymnosperms)
More protection of embryo
Embryo w/ food
Development of flowers (Angiosperms)
Complex reproductive structure
What are bryophytes?
Non-vascular plants
Mosses & worts
Dominant life stage is haploid gametophyte
Reproductive structures
Male – antheridia – produce flagellated sperm
Female – archegonia – produce 1 egg (ovum)

6. Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss
Male
gametophyte
Raindrop
Sperm
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Antheridia
Female gametophyte
Egg
Arcl egonia
FERTILIZATION
(within archegonium)
Zygote
Archegonium
Gametophore
Rhizoid

7. Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss
Mature sporophytes
Young sporophytes
Male
gametophyte
Raindrop
Sperm
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Antheridia
Female gametophyte
Egg
Arcl egonia
FERTILIZATION
(within archegonium)
Zygote
Archegonium
Embryo
Gametophore
Foot
Capsule (sporangium)
Seta
Calyptra
Rhizoid

8. Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss
Mature sporophytes
Young sporophytes
Male
gametophyte
Raindrop
Sperm
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Antheridia
Female gametophyte
Egg
Arcl egonia
FERTILIZATION
(within archegonium)
Zygote
Archegonium
Embryo
Female gametophytes
Gametophore
Foot
Capsule (sporangium)
Seta
Peristome
Spores
Protonemata
“Bud”
MEIOSIS
Sporangium
Calyptra
Capsule with peristome (LM)
Rhizoid
Mature
sporophytes

9. Figure 29.9 Bryophyte Diversity
LIVERWORTS (PHYLUM HEPATOPHYTA)
HORNWORTS (PHYLUM ANTHOCEROPHYTA)
MOSSES (PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA)
Gametophore of
female gametophyte
Marchantia polymorpha,
a “thalloid” liverwort
Foot
Sporangium
Seta
500 µm
Marchantia sporophyte (LM)
Plagiochila
deltoidea,
a “leafy”
liverwort
An Anthoceros
hornwort species
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
Polytrichum commune,
hairy-cap moss

10. Peat being harvested from a peat bog
Figure 29.10 Sphagnum, or peat moss: a bryophyte with economic, ecological, and archaeological significance
Peat being harvested from a peat bog
(a)
Gametophyte
Sporangium at
tip of sporophyte
Living
photo-
synthetic
cells
Dead water-
storing cells
100 µm
Covers 3% of land
Stabilizes greenhouse effect
(b)
Closeup of Sphagnum. Note the “leafy” gametophytes and their offspring, the sporophytes.
Sphagnum “leaf” (LM). The combination of living photosynthetic
cells and dead water-storing cells gives the moss its spongy quality.
(c)
“Tolland Man,” a bog mummy dating from 405–100 B.C.
The acidic, oxygen-poor conditions produced by Sphagnum can
preserve human or other animal bodies for thousands of years.
(d)

11. Pick up syllabus
Test corrections w/ scantron in the box
Food transport – TODAY – all day & at 4:30
“extra credit” test – TOMORROW
Are there any errors in grade record keeping??

12. Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns
What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?
What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution?
What are bryophytes?
What are the characteristics of ferns (seedless vascular plants)?
Dominant life stage is sporophyte (2n)
Gametophyte is reduced
Sporophyte is branched
Vasculature
Xylem – transports water & minerals up from the ground
Has tracheids – tube-shaped cells for transport
Dead at maturity
Strengthened by lignin
Phloem
Transport sugars & other organic products from leaves downward
Living cells at maturity
Roots - anchorage, water & mineral transport
Let’s consider the life cycle…..

13. Figure 29.12 The life cycle of a fern
Sporangia release spores.
Most fern species produce a single
type of spore that gives rise to a
bisexual gametophyte. 1
The fern spore
develops into a small,
photosynthetic gametophyte. 2
Although this illustration
shows an egg and sperm
from the same gametophyte,
a variety of mechanisms
promote cross-fertilization
between gametophytes. 3
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Antheridium
Spore
Young
gametophyte
MEIOSIS
Sporangium
Archegonium
Sperm
Egg
Mature
sporophyte
New
sporophyte
Zygote
Sporangium
FERTILIZATION
Sorus
On the underside
of the sporophyte‘s
reproductive leaves
are spots called sori.
Each sorus is a
cluster of sporangia. 6
Fern sperm use flagella
to swim from the antheridia
to eggs in the archegonia. 4
Gametophyte
Fiddlehead
A zygote develops into a new
sporophyte, and the young plant
grows out from an archegonium
of its parent, the gametophyte. 5

14. Homosporous spore production Heterosporous spore production
Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns
What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?
What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution?
What are bryophytes?
What are the characteristics of ferns (seedless vascular plants)?
What is the difference between homosporous & heterosporous plants?
Homosporous spore production
Sporangium
in sporophyll
Single
type of spore
Typically a
bisexual
gametophyte
Eggs
Heterosporous spore production
Megasporangium
in megasporophyll
Megaspore
Female
Microsporangium
in microsporophyll
Microspore
Male
Sperm
Most ferns
All seed plants &
few seedless plants

15. Figure 29.14 Seedless Vascular Plant Diversity
LYCOPHYTES (PHYLUM LYCOPHYTA)
PTEROPHYTES (PHYLUM PTEROPHYTA)
WHISK FERNS AND RELATIVES
HORSETAILS
FERNS
Isoetes
gunnii,
a quillwort
Selaginella apoda,
a spike moss
Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a club moss
Strobili
(clusters of
sporophylls)
Psilotum
nudum,
a whisk
fern
Equisetum
arvense,
field
horsetail
Vegetative stem
Strobilus on
fertile stem
Athyrium
filix-femina,
lady fern