1. The Particle Zoo Particle Physics Lesson 6

2. What are the charges? γ (photon) γ (photon) p (proton) p (proton) n (neutron) n (neutron) ν (neutrino) ν (neutrino) e - (electron) e - (electron) e + (positron) e + (positron) μ - (muon) μ - (muon) μ + (anti-muon) μ + (anti-muon)

3. Homework None today – will be some on Friday. Feel free to revise for the mock exam next week.

4. Learning Objectives Define the electron volt. Define the electron volt. Describe how scientists look for new particles. Describe how scientists look for new particles. State some quantities which are conserved during decays. State some quantities which are conserved during decays. Determine whether a decay occurs based on the conservation rules. Determine whether a decay occurs based on the conservation rules.

5. The Electron Volt Defined as:- Defined as:- An electron volt is the kinetic energy gained by an electron when it is accelerated through a potential difference of 1V. Energy = Charge × Potential Difference Energy = Charge × Potential Difference = 1.60×10 −19 C × 1 V = 1.60×10 −19 C × 1 V = 1.60×10 −19 J = 1 eV = 1.60×10 −19 J = 1 eV Note that 1 V = 1 JC −1 Note that 1 V = 1 JC −1

6. Worked Example The ionisation energy of a hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV, what is this energy in Joules? E I = 13.6 eV 1 eV = 1.6 × 10 -19 J E I = 13.6 × 1.6 × 10 -19 = 2.18 × 10 -18 J (to 3 s.f.)

7. Worked Example 2 A photon has an energy of 5.43 × 10 -15 J. What is its energy in eV? E = 5.43 × 10 -15 J 1 eV = 1.6 × 10 -19 J E = 5.43 × 10 -15 J/ 1.6 × 10 -19 J = 33.9 keV ( to 3 s.f.)

8. Specification Hadrons: baryons (proton, neutron) and antibaryons (antiproton and antineutron) and mesons (pion, kaon). Hadrons are subject to the strong nuclear force. The proton being the only stable baryon into which other baryons eventually decay; in particular, the decay of the neutron should be known. Leptons: electron, muon, neutrino (electron and muon types). Leptons being subject to the weak interaction. Baryon numbers for the hadrons. Lepton numbers for the leptons will be given in the data booklet.

9. Cosmic Rays High energy protons or small nuclei that travel through space from the stars. When they enter the atmosphere, the collide with gas atoms. This results in the creation of new particles and antiparticles with very short lifetimes and photons.

10. Reminder - Discovery of the Positron Cosmic ray experiment. Charged particles leave an ion trail as they pass through a super-cooled gas. Causes vapour to condense to leave vapour trails – like jet plane. Magnetic field causes charged particles to bend. The particle bent the wrong way in a magnetic field.

11. Video In Search of Giants (13 of 15) Particle Accelerators and the Higgs Particle In Search of Giants (13 of 15) Particle Accelerators and the Higgs Particle

12. Accelerators A TV tube accelerates electrons through a potential difference of about 5,000 V. Stanford linear accelerator in California accelerates electrons through a p.d. of 50 GV. The Large Hadron Collider is designed to accelerate charged particles to energies of over 7000 GV.

13. Also discovered… The muon (μ - ) – a negatively charge particle with a rest mass over 200 times that of the electron The pion (pi meson) – can be positively (π + ) or negatively charged (π - ) or have no charge (π 0 ), rest mass greater than muon but less than proton. The kaon (K meson) – which can also be positive (K + ), negative (K - ) or neutral (K 0 ), rest mass greater than pion but less than proton.

14. New Particle Summary NameSymbol Mass (MeV/c 2 ) Lifetime (s)Antiparticle Muonμ-μ- 1062.2 × 10 -6 μ+μ+ Pionπ0π0 1350.8 × 10 -16 Itself Pionπ+π+ 1402.6 × 10 -8 π-π- KaonK+K+ 4941.2 × 10 -8 K-K- KaonK0K0 4988.9 × 10 -11 K0K0

15. β − decay Decay of neutrons, which are slightly more energetic than a proton. Isolated protons are stable; isolated neutrons last about 10 minutes.

16. Decay Modes K mesons decay into pi mesons, muons and antineutrinos, and antimuons and neutrinos. Charged pi mesons decay into muons and antineutrinos, or antimuons and neutrinos. Chargeless pion decays into high energy photons.

17. Some other decay modes… Muons and antimuons decay into electrons and antineutrinos, or positrons and neutrinos. Muons and antimuons decay into electrons and antineutrinos, or positrons and neutrinos.Note:- The decays always obey the conservation rules for energy, momentum and charge.

18. Something strange going on… Pions and kaons are both produced through the strong interaction. However, kaons last much longer than Pions and decay through the weak interaction. This led to kaons being referred to as strange particles  we’ll talk about this later…

19. The Conservation Rules Translates as “what goes in must equal what comes out.” Translates as “what goes in must equal what comes out.” Energy Energy Momentum Momentum Charge  we can use this to decide if a decay is allowed. Charge  we can use this to decide if a decay is allowed. NOT Mass NOT Mass

20. Worked Example 1 Is the following decay allowed? Is the following decay allowed? Q: Q: The charge on both sides adds up to 0. The charge on both sides adds up to 0. So this decay is allowed. So this decay is allowed.

21. Worked Example 2 Is the following decay allowed? Is the following decay allowed? Q:  Q:  The charge on left hand side adds up to 0 but adds up to -1 on the right hand side. The charge on left hand side adds up to 0 but adds up to -1 on the right hand side. So this decay is not allowed. So this decay is not allowed.

22. Summary Scientists look for new particles using a particle accelerator. Scientists look for new particles using a particle accelerator. Energy, momentum and charge are conserved in allowed decays. Energy, momentum and charge are conserved in allowed decays. Conservation of charge can be used to determine whether or not a decay occurs. Conservation of charge can be used to determine whether or not a decay occurs.