1. The Appearance of Foods FDSC400

2. Goals Color perception Natural colorants Synthetic colorants

5. The Dimensionality of Color Perception

6. Lab Colorspace Also CIE colorspace

7. Sample Intensity Wavelength Artificial light Incident spectrum Intensity Wavelength Reflected spectrum spectrometer Color Lab

9. Color Perception Light source Reflectivity of surface (diffuse vs. specular) Pigments at surface (if the pigment absorbs it will not be seen leaving the complementary color) Response of the eye Interpretation of that response by the brain

10. The Chemical Basis of Color Photons interact with the electronic structure of the color. If the energy of the photon corresponds to the energy (=hf) of a transition between quantum states then it is absorbed. If that wavelength is absorbed then it is not reflected and cannot be seen. The chemical group in the molecule that absorbs visible photons is the chromophore.

11. Myoglobin the oxygen storage/transport protein of muscle the heme group is the chromophore Binds oxygen in an active site in the heme group. The bond changes the color. heme contains Fe 2+ readily oxidized to Fe 3+

13. States of Myoglobin Natural States OxyMb: FeII:O 2, bright red deoxyMb: FeII:H 2 O, purple metMb: FeIII:H 2 O, brown Also nitrosyl Mb: bright pink

14. Chlorophyll

15. Professor to his Cook: “You are a little opinionated, and I have had some trouble in making you understand that the phenomena that take place in your laboratory are nothing other than the execution of the eternal laws of nature, and that certain things which you do without thinking, and only because you have seen others do them, nonetheless derive from the highest scientific principles” -Brillat-Savarin The Physiology of Taste, 1825

16. Isoprenoid derivatives (Carotenoid pigments) Lipid soluble, yellow-red plant pigments 4 isoprene molecules form a subunit, two subunits form a carotenoid. More conjugated db, color shifts from red to yellow. Conjugated double bond sequence is the chromophore. ISOPRENE CH 2 =C(CH 3 )-CH=CH 2

17. Benzopyran derivatives (anthocyanins) Very pH dependent R + + H 2 O = ROH + H + i.e., color stronger at low pH blue-red plant pigments