2. Mr Beaumont

3. A group is defined as: Two or more individuals interacting with each other To be defined as a groups people must also: Be interdependent Have a social relationship Share a common objective Share a group identity and share norms and values

4. Mr Beaumont

5. Groups are often identified by completing a sociogram Sociogram show the inter-relationships within a group. Popular members of the group can be identified, these are known as stars Less popular member of the group can be identified, these are known as isolates and pairs Smaller sub groups can also be identified, these are know as clusters or cliques

6. Mr Beaumont

7. The stars are the most popular members of the group, liked by the majority. They have a big influence on the group Isolates and pairs have less influence on the group, this can lead to their opinions being disregarded Formations of clusters, cliques and pairs can have a detrimental effect on the group. These groups can: Form there own norms and values Isolate other players Influence group cohesion and cooperation

8. Mr Beaumont Group dynamics is the study of interactive process within a group Through social influence and interaction groups develop different dynamic processes including Norms (expected behaviour) Individual Roles Relationships between individuals Behaviour effects of people within the group How the group develops Group belonging Social influences on each other

9. Mr Beaumont Mourning Group gets to know each other Team work as a unit, with high levels of independence Objective complete, team may split up/retire Team starts to work together, behaviours defined Power struggles occur, leaders emerge Process is ongoing

10. Mr Beaumont Players get to know each other Find out about the task or objective Show respect for each other The coach tells players what to do Team members compete, power struggle may happen Different leaders emerge Less experienced players will not compromise Coach must help team through this stage

11. Mr Beaumont Team members agree how to work together Acceptable and non-acceptable behaviour determined Development of trust an ability to accept criticism + new ideas Leaders emerge and take responsibility for decision making The coach becomes more of a consultant Team work as a unit with high levels of motivation and independence Experienced and skilled players make decision independently Consultation expected, authority excepted in times of stress

12. Mr Beaumont Players retire and split up due to objective being complete Tuckman’s process’s will then start all over again

13. Mr Beaumont

14. Is defined as: The Dynamic forces that cause a team to stick together Teams that are successful are often described as being very cohesive Carron suggests that individuals choose to stay together because: Value being a member of the group / group attractiveness The group helps them achieve an objective Leader in cohesion studies A.V. Carron

15. Mr Beaumont Cohesion is split into two categories: Task Cohesion Social Cohesion Task cohesion: Found in a group that is bound together in a drive to achieve a common objective, a clear focus on a task e.g 2003 world cup winning squad Social Cohesion:Found in a group that is bound together by social bonds, social attractiveness and relationships e.g University 2 nd /3rd rugby team

16. Mr Beaumont Carron also suggested that an individuals cohesion is founded on four key elements: Individual attraction to the group – TASK - How much a team member is involved in the groups task Individual attraction to the group – SOCIAL – How much a team member feels about their social interaction with the group Group Interaction – TASK – how much a team member feels that the group is focused and unified in the pursuit of an objective Group Interaction – Social – How much a team member thinks that the group is unified socially

17. Mr Beaumont (Although he wasn’t successful with England) Sven Lists 8 key attributes of an effective team A common vision Clear and definitive goals clearly linked to the vision A shared understanding of strategy and tactics Inner discipline – acting professionally together Players with characteristics that compliment each other A division of roles – everyone equal Players who put the team interests before there own A no blame culture – everyone taking responsibility

18. Mr Beaumont For a group to be able to be cohesive Carron proposed 4 antecedents These antecedents need to be pre-existing for group to come together and become a cohesive unit The 4 antecedents are: Environment all factors Personal Factors Leadership Factors Team-based factors

19. Mr Beaumont Environmental Factors Contractual Obligations Organisational factors e.g Group size, age, geography Personal Factors Similarity/Dissimilarity to group Gender Satisfaction/Aspirations Group outcomes Team stability Absolute performance effectiveness Relative Performance effectiveness Leadership Factors Leadership behaviour/ style Leader – team member relationship Leader – team relationship Team Factors Focus on task, desire for success Team stability Team ability Group Productivity Shared experiences – win/lose Individual outcomes Behaviour consequences Absolute performance effectiveness Relative Performance effectiveness Personal satisfaction

20. Mr Beaumont These strategies can be used by leaders or team members to achieve group cohesion and success. Maintain open communication channels Set challenging and realistic, team, individual and unit goals Set and strive for behaviour norms Role clarity and acceptance Reward exceptional contributions (Player of the match) Use team meeting to forge togetherness, travel together Create a sense of distinctiveness ( uniforms, routines) Encourage self sacrifice