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Published byReginald Arnold Modified over 8 years ago
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Social Influence: Group Influence
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Social Facilitation Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others Occurs with simple or well learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet learned
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Social Facilitation
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Social Loafing Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable People may be less accountable in a group, or they may think their efforts aren’t needed.
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Deindividuation Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity People lose their sense of responsibility when in a group.
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Social Influence: Group Interaction Effects
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Group Polarization Enhancement of a group’s already existing attitudes through discussion within the group
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Groupthink Mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision- making group overrides a realistic appraisal of the alternatives
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Attraction
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Three key ingredients to attraction: – Proximity – Physical attractiveness – Similarity
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Mere Exposure Effect Phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
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Physical Attractiveness 1920’s 1950’sToday
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Attraction: Similarity
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Altruism
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Unselfish regard for the welfare of others Dave Sanders: Teacher at Columbine High School
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Altruism: Bystander Intervention
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Bystander Effect Tendency for a person to be less likely to give aid if other people are present
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Bystander Effect - Kitty Genovese Famous case of Kitty Genovese--38 people heard her cry for help but didn’t help. She was raped and stabbed to death.
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Factors Increasing Bystander Intervention not in a hurry believe the victim deserves help in a good mood feeling guilty live in a small town or rural area just saw someone being helpful
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Factors Increasing Bystander Intervention
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Altruism
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Prejudice
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Unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members Usually involves a negative attitude Usually involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
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Stereotype Generalized belief about a group of people Stereotypes are sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized.
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Discrimination In social relations, taking action against a group of people because of stereotyped beliefs and feelings of prejudice
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Prejudice: Ingroup and Outgroup
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Ingroup “Us” People with whom we share a common identity
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Outgroup “Them” Those perceived as different or apart from “us” (the ingroup)
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Ingroup Bias Tendency to favor one’s own group Uusually at the expense of the outgroup
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Scapegoat Theory Theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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Prejudice: Thought Processes and Prejudice
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Categorization The tendency to group similar objects May be a means to explain stereotypes
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Just-World Phenomenon Tendency to believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get Reflects child’s attitude that good is rewarded and evil is punished
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