1. Latest Terra-MODIS Ocean Color Radiance Corrections Inter-detector, Mirror Side, Cross-Scan, and Gain Adjustments Bob Evans, Ed Kearns, Kay Kilpatrick Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science University of Miami MODIS Science Team Meeting Baltimore, MD. July 2004

2. Examples of Instrument effects before and after corrections – Figures 1a and b show the effects of mirror side and inter-detector banding. These instrument artifacts are a result of incomplete polarization correction (10 km wide mirror side banding) and detector gain characterization or an as yet unidentified source and introduces trends across the focal plane (1km stripes and mirror side trends). Mirror side difference, Figure 1a, is AOI and time dependent, order ±1.5% Lt; Figure 1b shows the average detector-to-detector trends in gain that are necessary to minimize cross-focal plane trends and detector stripes, order ±0.2% Lt.

4. Typical Problems  Single-pixel high stripes in 1km data Interdetector mismatches in bands Interdetector mismatches in bands  10-pixel high stripes Mirror-side differences Mirror-side differences Bias and RVS Bias and RVS  Edge-to-Edge of Swath discontinuities Unresolved RVS variations Unresolved RVS variations  Temporal inconsistencies in nLw LUT’s m1 values not precise enough LUT’s m1 values not precise enough Low-level changes Low-level changes

5. Basic Methodology  Use Terra-MODIS time series at Hawaii >1200 days/granules >1200 days/granules MOBY time series MOBY time series  Break time series into “epochs” Accounts for instrument changes not well resolved in m1’s Accounts for instrument changes not well resolved in m1’s

6. Interdetector balancing: remove “single-pixel” striping  Correct on a per band, per epoch basis  Use a modal analysis to determine peak response of each detector  Requires multiple granules per epoch for adequate resolution  Adjust modal peak for each detector to match that for detector 5  Relatively easy to achieve  Same technique can be done with x-scan dependence if need be….new polarization table has reduced the need somewhat

7. Detector balancing 412nm

8. Detector balancing 512nm

9. Cross Scan corrections  Requires “flat field” assumption: no significant, consistent zonal gradients near Hawaii  Compute average cross-scan distribution per granule for each band, relative to the position at pixel 500 (west of nadir for Terra Day)  Group the granules’ x-scan behavior within each epoch  Avoid sun glint contamination!!  Fit a 5th order polynomial in a least-squares sense to normalize the distribution  Quantize this correction into 50 x-scan correction values. High AOI shows the most change. xscan carries bulk of the correction.

10. Shape of x-scan correction for each epoch 488 nm

11. Magnitude of cross scan correction 488nm

12. Shape of x-scan correction for each epoch 412nm Low AOI High AOI

13. Balance Mirror Side 2  Add detector bias and cross-scan correction to 2nd mirror side to match first mirror side  Does not require a significant flat-field assumption, but assumes that the optical meridional variability in the ocean near Hawaii on the scale of 10km is small  Compute average mirror side difference for each granule as a function of x-scan position  Fit a 5th order polynomial to the mirror side differences for all granules within an epoch  Quantize this as a 50 element correction vector

14. Net correction applied to Mirror 2 443nm east East high aoi West low aoi nadir

15. Net correction applied to Mirror 2 412nm west low AOI East high AOI nadir

16. Example: Day 2004 113 1km L2 magnified  nLw 412nm  Hardest to do  Note relatively good corrections right up to sun glint  Works well over wide range of Lt’s

17.  Day 22, Year 2004  nLw 412nm  Note mirror-side striping only in upper right only in upper right

18. Setting the final gains nLw to Lt to nLw to Lt…  Radiance deficits and anomalies are detected and measured in nLw space (L2)  Corrections are applied to Lt values (L1B)  Requires a recursive method Estimate nLw radiance error Estimate nLw radiance error Scale to Lt Scale to Lt Per bandPer band Systematically underestimate to account for variabilitySystematically underestimate to account for variability Repeat until solution converges Repeat until solution converges

19. Gain correction  Implement an overall exponential correction for blue Bands 8 and 9 (based on mean MOBY behavior), not per epoch  Adjust Bands 10, 11, 12 on a per epoch basis  Adjust MODIS (Band X / Band 9) to match MOBY (Band X / Band 9) ratio Want ratios (products) to be stable Want ratios (products) to be stable Aim for low RMS Aim for low RMS Neglect MOBY v. MODIS individual band bias Neglect MOBY v. MODIS individual band bias  Adjust 748nm band (linear/exponential) to remove long-term trends in mean epsilon fields

20. Modal time series  Use a time series of the mode of each MODIS band’s data in a small concentric circles (30, 10, and 3 km) around MOBBY with increasing weights  Compare to filtered MOBY data time series

21. Time series 443  Modal time series  % difference from MOBY (red points matchup pairs, blue bar epoch average)  ratio mode/measured

22. Time series 551nm  Modal time series 551nm  % difference from MOBY (red points matchup pairs, blue bar epoch average)  Time series blue/green ratio

23. Net gains in time  Gains are computed per band for each epoch  Multiply the gain by the xscan correction for west, center, and east side of scan for each epoch

24. 443nm net correction gain * xscan for each epoch west low AOI East high AOI nadir

25. Top panel - radcor gain vs time, purple line is band 8 gain adjustment Bottom panel - deviations of the measured m1 coefficients from the linear trends band 8, mirror side 0 (corrected) [from Gerhard Meister] Radcor oscillations ~ factor 5 large than SD M1 trend residuals Note: Radcor time resolution ~60 days, M1 two weeks

26. 551nm net correction gain * xscan for each epoch west low AOI East high AOI nadir

27. Gain corrections for MODIS-Terra Red - 667, 678nm, Green - 551nm, Yellow - 531nm, Blue - 443nm, Purple - 412nm Days since Jan 1, 2000 to Dec 31, 2003 Calibration adjustments developed for current MODIS ocean reprocessing Blue bands fit to winter MOBY nLw observations to minimize sun-glint and polarization issues. Green bands adjusted to match MODIS to MOBY blue/green band ratios. TERRA 041 reprocessing gains

28. Smoothing net corrections exponential least square regression 551nm Example: Nadir xscan

29. Improvements in terra_v24_49  Smoother gain evolutions No seasonal oscillations No seasonal oscillations No need for additional smoothing No need for additional smoothing  More predictable x-scan and mirror side  Overall we have been able to remove much of the problems in the l1b data that were present in the transition between 2003 and 2004.

30. Bias and RMS terra_v24_49 BandBiasRMS 412nm1%7% 443nm7%5% 488nm9%7% 531nm8%9% 551nm8%12% N = 15

31. Remaining Problems  Remaining sun glint contamination (x-scan)?  Still some odd behavior, variable in time & space  No other guidance for red bands (fluorescence) Requires set balancing of 667/678nm ratio Requires set balancing of 667/678nm ratio  Some per-detector xscan behavior remains (though less than before). The time trend in the cross scan correction at high AOI likely indicates a change in the mirror polarization.  Still data and time intensive  Terra_v24_50 still has a few issues to be fixed Red gains still maladjusted for 2 or 3 epochs Red gains still maladjusted for 2 or 3 epochs Inter-detector balance off for 2 epochs for Band 12 Inter-detector balance off for 2 epochs for Band 12

32. Smoothing and prediction (experimental)  Fit bicubic splines under tension to net cross-scan behavior  Caveats: avoid summer times (residual glint)? Edge of scan?  Produces look-up tables and functional relationships for corrections  Limited predictive capabilities (good enough for short term?)

34. Day of year 2000 xscan pixel

36. Day of year 2000