1. According to Gregory H. Stanton with Genocide Watch
The 8 Stages of Genocide
According to Gregory H. Stanton
with Genocide Watch

2. 1. Classification Distinguish b/w “us & them”
Ethnicity, race, religion, nationality
Occurs in all cultures
Societies w/ no mixed categories have greater chance of genocide
**Must actively endorse understanding & tolerance, search for a common ground

3. 2. Symbolization
Applying names/symbols/colors/dress to members of grps.
Yellow star for Jews
Blue scarf for Eastern Cambodians
Stages 1 & 2 are almost natural problem comes when combined w/ hatred

4. Symbolism cont’d **Make hate symbols/speech illegal
Bulgaria refused the yellow star 80% of Jews went w/o it lost its significance
**BUT…the ban has to be widely supported
“Hutu” & “Tutsi” were banned in Burundi, but code words just replaced them

5. 3. Dehumanization
Members of grp. are not seen as human (rather animals, insects, disease)
Tutsis were referred to as cockroaches
Hate propaganda takes over (radios, posters, news)
Not protected as free speech under true democratic constitutions
**Must be put down promptly! (shut down radio signals)

6. 4. Organization ALWAYS organized
State often uses militias (Janjaweed in Sudan)
Used as scapegoats (deny responsibility)
Well-trained militants can also form mobs or terrorist grps.
**Militias must be forbidden, leaders denied rights, arms embargoes enacted

7. 5. Polarization Grps. ripped apart by extremists
Hate propaganda broadcasts separation; sometimes makes interaxn illegal
Silences/intimidates moderates
They stand greatest chance of stopping genocide, so killed 1st
**Need security for moderates & human rights grps.
**International sanctions on extremist coups d’états

8. 6. Preparation Victims recognized & separated out
Death lists, wear symbols
Moved into certain areas (ghettoes,
camps, poverty stricken region)
** Must declare a Genocide Emergency prepare international intervention
** Prepare aid for future victims & refugees

9. 7. Extermination Mass killings
Often done by both armed forces & militia
Can lead to revenge killings
** Only solution is now fierce armed intervention
International responsibility to protect and provide aid
More impt. than individual national interests

10. 8. Denial Perpetrators cover up graves/evidence and coerce witnesses
Deny any crimes took place, blame victims, hamper investigations
Sure sign of future genocidal acts
** Must capture and take to national or internat’l court (Nuremberg, Rwanda)

11. 20th & 21st Century Genocides
Armenian ( ): by Ottoman Turks 1.5 mil Armenians, over 800,000 others
Jewish ( ): by Nazi Germany  6 mil Jews, 3 mil Poles, 1.25 mil others
Cambodian ( ): by Khmer Rouge 1.2 mil Cambodians

12. 20th & 21st Century Genocides
Bosnia ( ): by Serbs  200,000 Bosnian Muslims
Rwanda (1994): by Hutu militias  800,000 Tutsis
Darfur (2003*- ): by Arab govn’t backed militia  400,000 killed, 1.3 mil displaced non-Arabs (Fur, Zaghawa, Masalit)
(There are more, esp. by forced famines!!)