1. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PHP Bible, 2 nd Edition1  Wiley and the book authors, 2002 PHP Bible Chapter 19: PHP/Database Gotchas

2. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PHP Bible, 2 nd Edition2  Wiley and the book authors, 2002 Summary No connection Problems with privileges Unescaped quotes Broken SQL statements Too little data, too much data Specific SQL functions Debugging and sanity checking

3. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PHP Bible, 2 nd Edition3  Wiley and the book authors, 2002 No connection If you have a database call in your PHP script and the connection can't be opened, you will see a version of one of these 2 warning screens (depending on your error reporting levels)  Warning: MySQL Connection Failed: Can't connect to MySQL server on …  PHP "knows" about MySQL but the db server may be down, the wrong server name was specified, or the server is listening on a different socket  Fatal error: Call to undefined function mysql_conect()…  The MySQL module was not installed with PHP

4. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PHP Bible, 2 nd Edition4  Wiley and the book authors, 2002 Problems with privileges Error messages caused by privilege problems look a lot like the connection errors described previously  Warning: MySQL Connection Failed: Access denied for user 'nohost@localhost' (Using password: YES)… The key differentiator is that little piece about the user and password Caution: because of the security issues caused by these warning messages, which include the username and host and whether you're using a password or not, it's best to use silent mode on a production site. You do this by putting the character @ in front of the functions @mysql_connect and @mysql_select_db

5. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PHP Bible, 2 nd Edition5  Wiley and the book authors, 2002 Problems with privileges (cont.) These errors are many in number, but fall into these major types:  Mistyping usernames/passwords  Failing to use a necessary password  Trying to use a nonexistent username or password  Trying to use your system's username/password instead of the MySQL username/password  Employing a database username that lacks the necessary permissions for the task  Logging in from a location or client that the MySQL database does not allow for a particular user  Being unable to open the database-password include file due to incorrect file permissions (it must be world-readable in a world-executable directory)  The database root user having deliberately changed permissions on you These are not structural problems, but usually just simple slips of memory that result in miscues or mistaken memory and should be trivial to fix

6. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PHP Bible, 2 nd Edition6  Wiley and the book authors, 2002 Unescaped quotes Quotes can cause many small but annoying buglets between PHP and MySQL PHP evaluates within double quotes and largely ignores single quotes, whereas MySQL evaluates within single quotes and largely ignores double quotes This can lead to situations where you have to think hard about the purpose of each quotation mark  mysql_query("INSERT INTO book (ID, title, year, ISBN) VALUES(NULL, '$title', '$year', '$ISBN')");  This is perfectly valid since the single quotes in the string are taken as literal characters and the variables are interpolated to their values in the double-quoted string  This query would be broken if any of the variables have a single (apostrophe) or double quote in them  If $title = 'Hello Kitty', $year = '1999', and $ISBN = 'AA1234', the string passed to mysql_query would be "INSERT INTO book (ID, title, year, ISBN) VALUES(NULL,'Hello Kitty', '1999', 'AA1234')"  If $title = 'O'Hara', $year = '1999', and $ISBN = 'BB1234', the string passed to mysql_query would be "INSERT INTO book (ID, title, year, ISBN) VALUES(NULL,'O'Hara', '1999', 'BB1234')" which is clearly invalid

7. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PHP Bible, 2 nd Edition7  Wiley and the book authors, 2002 Unescaped quotes (cont.) CAUTION: In very long text entries, a quote problem may present as a partial string being inserted; or it may appear as a complete failure; or it may seem as though only short entries are being accepted while longer entries fail In cases where the string is directly stated within your code, you can escape the necessary characters with a backslash  $query = "INSERT INTO employee (lastname) VALUES ('O\'Donnel')"; In cases where the string is represented by a variable, you can use addslashes() or mysql_escape_string()  $query = "INSERT INTO employee (lastname) VALUES ('".mysql_escape_string($_POST['lastname'])."')"; You can build PHP with the –with-magic-quotes option, and/or set magic-quotes to on in the php.ini file, or use the set_magic_quotes_runtime(1) function. This will add slashes without your needing to specify addslashes() each time.

8. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PHP Bible, 2 nd Edition8  Wiley and the book authors, 2002 Broken SQL statements In addition to quoting problems, there are a number of easy ways to send a "bad" query to the database. That query might be syntactically malformed, have the right syntax but refer to tables or fields that do not exist, or have any of a number of problems that make the database unable to handle it properly  E.g. printing the result of mysql_error() : You have an error in your SQL syntax near 'UNIQUE FROM users' … If you don't incorporate error checking into your query calls, you will get the first warning from PHP when you attempt to use the resource returned from the query  0 is not a mysql result identifier…

9. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PHP Bible, 2 nd Edition9  Wiley and the book authors, 2002 Causes for SQL errors Misspelled names: The single most common error is the misspelling of table, field, or value names. It doesn't help that PHP and MySQL are relatively case-sensitive (e.g. mytable != MyTable) Comma faults: Remember to put the comma outside the single quotes within an SQL statement. Don't put a comma after the last field name in your SELECT statement Unquoted string arguments: Any values that should be treated by the database as string data types typically need to be single- quoted within an SQL statement Unbound variables: One of the sneakier ways to break an SQL statement is to interpolate an unbound variable into the middle of it

10. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PHP Bible, 2 nd Edition10  Wiley and the book authors, 2002 Too little data, too much data You may find that your PHP/database script is working apparently without error but is displaying no data from the database, or far more than you expected As a general rule: if your query function is returning successfully, recheck the logic in your SQL statement (especially in the WHERE clauses) Another culprit of receiving more data than you were expecting could be found in an SQL JOIN operation  As a general rule: the number of restrictions in a WHERE clause should not be fewer than the number of tables joined minus one

11. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PHP Bible, 2 nd Edition11  Wiley and the book authors, 2002 Specific SQL functions A few specific functions seem to cause a higher than normal number of problems, especially in the learning phase mysql_affected_rows vs. mysql_num_rows  Both of these function tell you how many rows of data your last SQL statement touched, but mysql_num_rows works only on SELECT statements, while mysql_affected_rows works only on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements  Additionally, since mysql_affected_rows shows the number of affected rows from the last operation with the specified (or unspecified) db connection, any subsequent calls to INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE anything on that db connection will destroy the existing data returned from mysql_affected_rows and replace it with the new data (even if the subsequent calls are made from within a function call)

12. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PHP Bible, 2 nd Edition12  Wiley and the book authors, 2002 Debugging and sanity checking If you are nearing your wit's end in trying to debug query-related errors and misbehavior, it can be extremely useful to actually compare the results of your PHP-embedded queries with the same queries made directly to the database (if your setup permits actually running an SQL client directly)  Insert a debugging statement in your PHP script that prints the query itself immediately before it's actually used in a db query call  Directly paste that query from your browser output into your SQL client If the query looks reasonable to you, but it breaks both in the SQL program and in PHP, then there is some syntax or naming error in that SQL statement itself that you are missing, and your PHP code is not to blame If the behavior in the SQL interpreter looks like what you wanted, then the query is fine and you should turn to your PHP code that actually sends that query and processes the results Finally, study any error messages very carefully, paying attention to phrases like link identifier and result resource identifier