1. LOFAR/SKA Simulator Shep Doeleman Colin Lonsdale Roger Cappallo Ramesh Bhat Divya Oberoi Joanne Attridge

2. Simulator at PDR What simulator does (will do) and general architecture. Illustrate simulator capabilities. In depth look at configuration studies and strategy (constraints and figures of merit). Strategy for Calibration studies.

3. Simulator Functions Create Synthetic Data Sets –Realistic effects: Ionosphere, Variable beams, Skies –High level of LOFAR design specification Used to: –Test Calibration: Direct access to structures solved for Controlled environment for isolation of effects –Explore Design Parameter Space: Automation to allow efficient searches Identify trends in performance –Test New Postprocessing Algorithms To be used by LOFAR community –Science Applications

4. Simulator Status Includes –FITS Image import –Variable station beams –Thermal Noise (Rx) –Arbitrary array configuration. –Arbitrary station config. –Gaussian sources –Arbitrary time/freq obs. –True parallelization in time. –Functional parallelization otherwise –Exportable to FITS –Script driven to support automated parameter searches –4-D Ionosphere with line integration. –Site mask incorporation –Sky noise due to Galactic Background. Will Include –Polarization –Realistic LOFAR skies –Source Spectral Index –Out-of-beam source contributions (CasA in sidelobes, etc…) –Extension to 3-D FFTs for wide field imaging. –RFI (limited)

5. Conceptual Flow Diagram Goals: Flexibility High Accuracy Modular Exportable output In House – many needs not in other packages.

6. Functional Flow Diagram array skies obs_spec sites proc_spec config generator LOsim Script driven Simulator Module (u,v) FITS MIRIAD PSF Stats Imaging Fidelity Calibration structures for comparison

7. Image Import and Simulation Before After

8. Effect of Variable Station Beams

9. Ionospheric Effects Line integration through realistic 4-D ionospheric model: Gary Bust Vertical profile, TIDs, Kolmogorov Spectrum of inhomogeneities. Time scale = 10 seconds, Linear scale = 100m (possible). FT of 2-D phase screen for each station convolved with (u,v) plane. Will generate few ‘ionospheres’ – large files. Altitude (10km) Latitude (26km) Electron Density

10. Sky Noise Contribution 408 MHz All Sky Map Use spectral index (2.55) to scale in frequency Convolved with receptor beam pattern.

11. 20 nodes –2.4 GHz P4, $900 each –1 Gbyte of RAM –60 Gbyte of disk Gigabit ethernet switch –24-port –$2000 UPS and misc Excellent price/performance –50-80 Gflops –1.5 Tbytes of disk –<$25,000 Simulator Beowulf

12. Configuration Studies - in progress Parameter space is vast: Configurations (star, spiral, random, expo shell…) Number of stations (variable sensitivity …) Weighting schemes Bandwidth and integration time Sky properties and observing geometry Frequency, polarization, spectrum, … Station design and receptor beamshape Ranges of corrupting influences. Strategy: parameterize configurations and explore limited ranges other parameters. Input from ALMA, ATA, SMA experience.

13. Hard Constraints: Approximate scale free radial distribution: 25% within 2km diam., 50% within 12km, 75% within 75km. Beyond 2km diam.: –60-160 stations comprising >50 receptors. –Receptors for each LOFAR band will be co-located. In compact Core: –60-400 sub-stations –Receptors in each band do not have to be co-located

14. Figures of Merit: PSF statistics: RMS, size, min, max, deviation. Computed for declination, integration, bw. Sensitivity Loss due to: weighting, fixed taper. Cable Length (Prim’s Algorithm) PSF statistics for Core only (ASM, EOR) Image fidelity for 2 benchmark images Robustness: impact of random 10% station loss. Calibratability: requires calibration software.

15. Beam RMS of 3-arm Log Spirals

16. Configuration Optimization Figures of Merit: PSF RMS vs Radius PSF Beam Size Cable length

17. Configuration Optimization Figures of Merit Weighted and Combined into Optimization Function

18. Effects of Integration Time and BW x = instantaneous o = ½ hour x = 0.25% o = 10%  = 20%

19. Compact Core Configurations Outer configuration won’t continue to Core. Scale free distribution breaks down in Core Lower limit of receptors/station relaxed. Calibration and cabling issues. ASM and EOR require excellent Core PSF

20. Configuration Editor

21. Asymmetric Configurations Probably necessary for all sites. FOMs reduced from optimal configs.

22. Genetic Algorithm Optimization -Optimizes using (u,v) coverage and cable length figures of merit. -Uses ‘mutations’ to avoid local minima -Excellent beam size and RMS characteristics -Scale free constraints to be included.

23. Input to LOFAR Calibration Tests Simulator capability developing in parallel with Calibration software (weekly TIM). Phase I: Tests of ~5 peeling sources Phase II: Tests of ~10 peeling and ~100 faint sources. Phase III: Inclusion of Ionosphere and comparison of simulated 2-D phase screens to solver output. Phase IV: Inclusion of variable station beams. As needed: inclusion of bright, out-of-beam sources.

24. Sample SKA Config

25. Progress and Results: Code required for pivotal Calibration tests is complete. Configuration testing is underway (~5000 tested so far) with calculation of formal Figures of Merit automated. Several ‘promising’ configurations identified and being used to assess site flexibility. Strategy for continued work defined: –Configuration evaluation along FOM axes. –Generation of Calibration data sets –Continued coding of modules based on priority.