1. Chapter 25 Africa and the Atlantic World 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2. The States of West Africa and East Africa Developed over eighth to sixteenth centuries Kingdom of Ghana  Major gold trader Mali empire, thirteenth century Songhay empire, fifteenth century  Sunni Ali (r. 1464-1493) created effective army, navy  Musket-bearing Moroccan army destroys Songhay forces; regional city-states exert local control ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

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4. African States, 1500-1650 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

5. Swahili Decline in East Africa Massive Portuguese naval fleet subdued all the Swahili cities, 1505 Trade disrupted; Swahili declined 5 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

6. The Kingdom of Kongo Kongo, powerful kingdom of central Africa after fourteenth century  Established diplomatic and commercial relations with Portugal, 1482  Kings of Kongo converted to Christianity sixteenth century; King Afonso 6 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

7. The King of Kongo and European Ambassadors 7 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

8. Slave Raiding in Kongo Initial Portuguese attempts at slave raiding  Portuguese traded textiles, weapons, and advisors for Kongolese gold, silver, ivory, and slaves Kongo kings appeal without success to slow, but not eliminate, slave trade  Relations deteriorate, Portuguese attack Kongo and decapitate king in 1665 8 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9. Regional Kingdoms in South Africa Chieftains develop trade with Swahili city-states 1300: Great Zimbabwe Dutch build Cape Town in 1652, increased involvement with southern African politics British colonies also develop 9 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

10. Dutch Cape Town ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

11. Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Islam develops in commercial centers Islamic university and 180 religious schools in Timbuktu in Mali African traditions and beliefs blended into Islam 11 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

12. Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa Also blended with traditional beliefs Promotes distinctly African Christianity  Jesus a black man, Kongo the holy land, heaven for Africans 12 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

13. Social Change in Early Modern Africa American food crops, for example, manioc, maize, peanuts, introduced after the sixteenth century Population growth in sub-Sahara: 35 million in 1500 to 60 million in 1800 despite slave trade 13 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

14. Population Growth in Africa 14 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

15. The Islamic Slave Trade Dramatic expansion of slave trade with Arab traders New slaves acquired by raiding villages, selling on Swahili coast Arab traders depend on African infrastructure to maintain supply European demand on west coast causes demand to rise again 15 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

16. Arab Slave Trader 16 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

17. The Early Slave Trade 1460: 500 slaves per year sold to work as miners, porters, domestic servants in Spain and Portugal 1520: 2,000 per year to work in sugarcane plantations in the Americas Portuguese planters imported slaves to Brazil, 1530s Spanish settlers shipped African slaves to the Caribbean, Mexico, Peru, and Central America, 1510s and 1520s English colonists brought slaves to North America early seventeenth century 17 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

18. Slaves at Work in a Mine 18 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

19. The Triangular Trade 1.European manufactured goods (especially firearms) sent to Africa 2.African slaves purchased and sent to Americas 3.Cash crops purchased in Americas and returned to Europe 19 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

20. The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500-1800 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20

21. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21

22. The Middle Passage (Africa to Americas) African slaves captured by raiding parties, force- marched to holding pens at coast Middle passage under horrific conditions  4-6 weeks; Mortality initially high, often over 50%, eventually declined to 5% Total slave traffic, fifteenth to eighteenth century: 12 million Approximately 4 million die before arrival 22 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

23. African Slave Export per Year 23 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

24. Social Effects of Slave Trade Total African population expands due to importation of American crops  Yet millions of captured Africans removed from society, deplete regional populations Distorted sex ratios result  Two-thirds of slaves male, 14-35 years of age  Encouraged polygamy, women acting in traditionally male roles 24 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

25. Political Effects of Slave Trade Introduction of firearms increases violence of pre-existing conflicts 25 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

26. African Slaves in Plantation Societies First plantation established in Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic) 1516 then later Mexico, Brazil, Caribbean, and Americas Important cash crops: sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton, coffee Plantations heavily dependent on slave labor 26 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

27. Destinations of African Slaves 27 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

28. Resistance to Slavery Slow work, sabotage, and escape Slave revolts were rare and were brutally suppressed by plantation owners Flight (Maroon populations) 1793: slaves in French colony of Saint-Domingue revolted, abolished slavery, and established the free state of Haiti 28 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

29. African-American Culture Slaves from many tribes; lacked a common language  Developed creole languages, blending several African languages with the language of the slaveholder African-American Christianity was a distinctive syncretic practice  African rituals and beliefs: ritual drumming, animal sacrifice, magic, and sorcery 29 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

30. The Abolition of Slavery New voices and ideas against slavery  American and French revolutions encouraged ideals of freedom and equality Slavery became increasingly costly  Slave revolts made slavery expensive and dangerous  Decline of sugar price and rising costs of slaves in the late eighteenth century  Manufacturing industries were more profitable; Africa became a market 30 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

31. End of the slave trade 1803: Slave trade made illegal but possession of slaves remains legal Most European states abolished the slave trade in the early 19 th century British naval squadrons helped to stop the trade The abolition of slavery followed slowly: 1833 in British colonies, 1848 in French colonies, 1865 in the United States, 1888 in Brazil ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 31