1. Turtle Dissection

3. TURTLE ANIMALIA CHORDATA VERTEBRATA “backbone”
LATIN meaning
KINGDOM _____________
PHYLUM ____________________________
SUBPHYLUM ___________________________
CLASS _______________________________
ORDER _____________________________
ANIMALIA
CHORDATA
VERTEBRATA “backbone”
REPTILIA “to creep or crawl”
CHELONIA “tortoise”

4. INTEGUMENT THICK, DRY, SCALY SKIN Contains KERATIN (protein)
LIPIDS & PROTEINS make it water tight

5. ADVANTAGES over thin, moist Amphibian skin
WATER TIGHT - Keeps them from drying out on land
TOUGH PROTECTION –
- prevents injury, keeps out germs,
- prevents wear & tear on skin when crawling around on land

6. Image from:

7. SHELL IS LIVING PART OF BODY
Expanded ribs form shell
Can regenerate damaged scutes
Growth rings tell age

8. Nictitating membrane
Tympanic membrane
External nares
Only reptiles with NO TEETH

9. Claws on feet

10. WHAT SEX IS IT?
FEMALES: MALES: Short tail Longer tail Vent closer Vent farther from body

11. CURVE OF PLASTRON
MALE PLASTRON slightly CONCAVE to fit on top of female
FEMALE PLASTRON slightly CONVEX to make more room for eggs

12. VENT

13. CLOACA

14. CLOACA Cloaca is the collecting chamber Liquid Excretory (urine)
Digestive Waste (feces)
Reproductive
Vent is the exit hole

15. ECTOTHERMIC ADVANTAGES:
Slow metabolism means you can survive on 1/10 the food as a same size endotherm
DISADVANTAGES:
Can’t live in extremely cold places
(NO reptiles in Arctic)
Can’t keep up max activity level for long

16. Ectothermic Body heat comes from surrounding environment
Slow metabolism/low activity in cold places
“cold-blooded”
EX: All invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles

17. Endothermic “warm-blooded”
Create own body heat
FAST metabolism allows for:
high activity for extended time
ability to live in variety of environments
EX: Birds, Mammals

18. TURTLE HEART 3 CHAMBERS 2 atria; 1 ventricle Sinus Venosus &
Conus Arteriosus
are smaller
Image from: BIODIDAC
PARTIAL SEPTUM: begins to divide ventricle into two sides

19. FROG/TURTLE CIRCULATION
Sinus
venosus   
Body organs  
RIGHTAtrium
LEFT Atrium 
Lungs      
Conus
arteriosus 
Ventricle 
FROG/TURTLE CIRCULATION

20. REPRODUCTIVE MALE FEMALE Vent Vent
Images modified from:
REPRODUCTIVE
Vent
Vent
MALE FEMALE

21. OVARY-
make eggs
OVIDUCT-
add shells
transport to cloaca

22. EPIDIDYMIS –sperm mature here; add tails
TESTES –
make sperm
Image from: BIODIDAC

23. INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
Penis deposits sperm inside female’s body
Increases chances of sperm and egg meeting
Image from:

24. DIRECT DEVELOPMENT Image from:

25. SEX is determined by TEMPERATURE of NEST
Image from:

26. GLOTTIS – respiratory opening

28. TRACHEA & ESOPHAGUS

29. BRONCHI

30. LUNGS HAVE ALVEOLI FROG LUNG TURTLE LUNG
Increase surface area for more gas exchange
Images modified from:

31. EXCRETORY
URINARY BLADDER
Secretes uric acid as nitrogen waste.

32. PHARYNX
GULLET
GLOTTIS
INTERNAL NARES

33. Vent
Image from:

34. LIVER Makes BILE Stores GLYCOGEN Stores VITAMINS Processes TOXINS
including nitrogen waste for kidneys

35. Image from:

36. GALL BLADDER
Stores BILE

37. STOMACH
Add ACID; Start DIGESTION; Grind & mash food

38. MESENTERY

39. PANCREAS In mesentery near first loop of small intestine
Makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, GLUCAGON

40. SMALL INTESTINE
Duodenum
Ileum
LARGE INTESTINE (Also called COLON)

41. CLOACA

42. SPLEEN
Make, store, recycle RBC’s

43. ENDOCRINE Glands that make hormones that control other body organs
PANCREAS controls
blood sugar levels
THYROID: located above heart
Makes hormones that control heart rate, blood pressure; cell development and growth

44. Types of Reproduction

45. Ways offspring enter world
OVIPARITY- Reproductive tract encloses egg in a protective shell
Eggs deposited outside body to hatch
Nourishment comes from egg
EX: Most reptiles,birds & a few mammals (monotremes)

46. Ways offspring enter world
VIVIPARITY-
No shell around egg
Eggs retained in body
Nourished by mother through placenta
Offspring are born alive
Ex: Mammals & some reptiles

47. Ways offspring enter world
OVOVIVIPARITY- Egg surrounded by protective shell but kept in body until just before hatching or can hatch inside female Nourishment comes from egg not mother
Ex: Some reptiles (snakes)

48. SHELL NO SHELL SHELL OUTSIDE INSIDE INSIDE EGG EGG MOTHER Mammals,
OVI
PARITY
OVOVIVI
VIVI
SHELL?
NO SHELL?
Embryo grows?
Food comes
From?
Seen in?
SHELL
NO SHELL
SHELL
OUTSIDE
INSIDE
INSIDE
SHELL
EGG
EGG
MOTHER
Birds,
Reptiles,
Few mammals
Mammals,
few reptiles
Reptiles

49. AMNIOTIC EGG

50. NERVOUS
COMPLEX BRAIN
DORSAL SPINAL CORD
(Spine is fused to shell)

52. TURTLE BRAIN BIGGER CEREBRUM than same sized amphibian
Image modified from:

53. WHAT’S IN REPTILES? Internal fertilization- (Penis)
increases chances of sperm finding egg allows addition of protective shell
Amniotic eggs-
can lay eggs on land now; better protection for embryos
Partial septum-
better separation on high/low oxygen blood

54. WHAT’S IN REPTILES?
Other kinds of reproduction- (OVOVIVIPARITY; VIVIPARITY)
increases chances for offspring survival
Control over Pulmonary circulation
can shift blood away from lungs to body when needed
Dry, scaly skin
better able to live on land

55. WHAT’S IN REPTILES? Nitrogen waste = uric acid AMMONIA UREA URIC ACID
Least toxic form; Needs least water to dilute conserves water
Bigger cerebrum-
“smarter”; more complex behaviors

56. WHAT’S IN REPTILES? LUNGS have ALVEOLI increases surface area for more
gas exchange
Sex depends on temperature of eggs- can change sex based on population needs