1. C HAPTER 2 - L AWMAKING

2. L EGISLATURES US Constitution divides the power to make laws between the federal government and the state governments Legislatures are lawmaking bodies in the government Federal Government Legislature = US Congress 2 Houses Senate 100 members – 2 from each state House of Representatives 435 Members – each state represented according to the size of its population US Constitution gives Congress the power to pass certain laws that are binding on the people in every state US Constitution gives States the power to pass laws that apply only within their boundaries

3. Lawmaking authority of Congress is exercised through the passage of laws known as federal statutes – affects everyone in the states Deals with issues of national impact Examples: environmental quality, national defense, homeland security, labor relations, veterans affairs, public health, civil rights, economic development, postal services, federal taxes, social security, and other benefits programs Lawmaking authority of States is exercised through the passage of laws known as state statutes Deals with issues of state level – all states except Nebraska have a 2 house system Examples: education, transportation and traffic, state taxes, marriage and divorce, most criminal laws, and the powers and duties of state government officials

4. Power of the federal government to pass laws is limited – cannot legislate unless given the power to do so in the Constitution Power of the state government to pass laws is broader than the federal government – power to legislate in all those areas over which the national (federal) government was not granted power by the Constitution State legislatures also have cities, towns, and counties also have lawmaking bodies – pass laws known as ordinances or regulations that only apply to a county, city, or town Examples: land use, parking, schools, and regulation of local businesses

5. Article VI of the Constitution Supremacy Clause “the Constitution and the Laws of the United States…shall be the supreme law of the land”

6. D RAFTING A B ILL Legislation is often drafted and redrafted before being introduced and discussed by a legislative body When drafting laws, it is useful to ask the following questions to evaluate whether problems are likely to result Is the law written in clear language? Is the law understandable? When does the law go into effect? Does the law contradict any other laws? Is the law enforceable? If so, by whom? Are the penalties for breaking the law clear and reasonable?

7. A GENCIES Legislative bodies usually deal with problems in only a general way. They authorize administrative agencies to develop rules and regulations to make laws more specific These regulations influence almost every aspect of our daily lives and have the force of law Example: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) – develops specific regulations governing health and safety on the job Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – works with other federal agencies, state and local governments, and Native American groups to develop and enforce regulations under existing environmental laws passed by Congress

8. Administrative agencies with the greatest impact on your daily life are those at the state and local levels Become laws without being voted upon by holding public hearings – hearing give individuals or businesses an opportunity to express their views on the proposals Examples: Zoning commission Restaurant serving alcohol or feature live music School board allowing a certain curriculum

9. C OURTS Law is also made by courts through the course of a trial A person who loses a trial can sometimes ask a higher court to review and change the result of the trial Appeals/Appellate Courts – higher courts When an appeals court decides a case, it issues a written opinion that sets a precedent for similar cases in the future = all lower courts where the precedent was issued must follow it

10. I NTERNATIONAL L AWMAKING International Law – usually defined as the law that applies to the conduct of countries Most often made when national government makes treaties with each other or with a group of countries Example: regulate commerce among countries, refugees crossing national borders, ownership of property including copyrights and patents, the environment, and many other areas Treaties are the supreme law of the land if they are signed by the president and then ratified by a two- thirds majority of the US Senate