1. Warm Up Vocab… –Diploid Cell –Haploid Cell –Homologous Chromosomes –Zygote –In each of the 4 blocks – look up the terms (above)

2. I told you before that we categorize human cells in two categories: body cells and sex cells, what do you THINK makes them so different? HOW MANY CHROMOSOMES ARE FOUND IN EACH HUMAN BODY CELL?

3. Section 10.2 Summary – pages 263-273 Genes do not exist free in the nucleus of a cell; they are lined up on chromosomes.

4. Section 10.2 Summary – pages 263-273 In the body cells of animals and most plants, chromosomes occur in pairs In each pair, one you inherited from your mom, the other from your dad. Diploid Cells From Mom From Dad

5. Section 10.2 Summary – pages 263-273 The two chromosomes of each pair are called homologous chromosomes. Each pair of homologous chromosomes has genes for the same traits. Homologous Chromosomes

6. Section 10.2 Summary – pages 263-273 A cell with two of each kind of chromosome is called a diploid cell. ALL of your body cells are diploid. Diploid Cells

7. Section 10.2 Summary – pages 263-273 Body cells (diploid) are different from sex cells. Each person can only pass on ONE of their homologous chromosomes to their young. HUMANS = 46 CHROMOSOMES Each parent passes 23 to their young, so that when the sperm and egg combine- it will equal 46 Chromosomes.

8. Section 10.2 Summary – pages 263-273 So, sex cells CANNOT be diploid. A cell containing only one of each kind of chromosome is called a haploid cell. Haploid Cells

9. Section 10.2 Summary – pages 263-273 Sexual Reproduction Zygote

10. Section 10.2 Summary – pages 263-273 Chromosome Numbers of Common Organisms OrganismBody Cell Fruit fly 8 Garden pea14 Corn20 Tomato24 Leopard Frog 26 13 Apple34 Human46 Chimpanzee48 Dog78 Adder’s tongue fern 1260 Sex Cell 4 7 10 12 17 23 24 39 630 Diploid and Haploid Cells

11. In Humans, how many chromosomes would each of these cells have….. CHEEK CELL 46 SPERM CELL 23 EGG CELL 23 NERVE CELL 46

12. Since they have different amounts of chromosomes, the way they are made differ. ● Body cells are made by the division process MITOSIS. ● Sex cells are made by the division process MEIOSIS.

13. Before a cell can divide by either method, it must first prepare for cell division. The cell cycle (or entire life cycle of the cell) consists of: INTERPHASE: The longest/busiest stage in a cell’s life 1. Chromosomes (DNA) replicates 2. Cell grows bigger CELL DIVISION: Mitosis or Meiosis CYTOKINESIS: When the cytoplasm divides and the cell completely separates.

14. (RECAP) Mitosis: cell division that makes BODY CELLS. It starts with a DIPLOID cell 46 Chromosomes Replicate 92 46 It ends with TWO IDENTICAL DIPLOID cells

15. Meiosis: cell division that makes SEX CELLS. It starts with a DIPLOID cell 46 Chromosomes Replicate 92 46 23 It ends with FOUR HAPLOID cells (not identical) Meiosis I Meiosis II

16. Meiosis I Meiosis II The kind of cell division that produces sex cells (haploid) containing half the number of chromosomes as a body cell, is called meiosis. What do you notice about the chromosomes in each cell between Meiosis I and Meiosis II?

17. Section 10.2 Summary – pages 263-273 These haploid cells are called sex cells— gametes. Male gametes are called sperm. Female gametes are called eggs. Meiosis XY XX

18. Section 10.2 Summary – pages 263-273 When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote once again has the diploid number of chromosomes. Meiosis

19. There are 2 stages of MEIOSIS-- Meiosis I and Meiosis II P I M I A I T I result in 2 diploid daughter cells P II M II A II T II result in 4 haploid daughter cells

20. 1 st : chromosomes are replicated (interphase) Prophase I – chromosomes appear Metaphase I – chromosomes line up in the center in homologous pairs (called tetrads)

21. Anaphase I – homologous chromosomes are pulled apart (still look like an “X”) Telophase I – 2 haploid daughter cells

23. Prophase II – chromosomes still present Metaphase II – chromosomes line up in the center (no longer in homologous pairs) Anaphase II – chromosomes are pulled apart (centromeres split) Telophase II – 4 haploid daughter cells

24. Meiosis II Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original. Prophase IIMetaphase IIAnaphase IITelophase II The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.

25. Combinations and Crossing Over 23 chromosomes can segregate in 2 23 ways → More than 8 million possible combinations

26. Crossing-Over In Meiosis: Before the sex cells are created, Homologous chromosomes actually break and exchange traits- in a process known as crossing over.

27. Crossing-Over Crossing over can occur at any location on a chromosome, and it can occur at several locations at the same time. This causes the traits found in each gamete varied. This is why siblings of the same parents can look so different from each other.

28. Section 10.2 Summary – pages 263-273 The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis is called nondisjunction. This would occur when homologous chromosomes are suppose to separate from each other. Nondisjunction

29. Section 12.3 Summary – pages 323 - 329 Down syndrome is the only autosomal trisomy in which affected individuals survive to adulthood. Down syndrome: Trisomy 21

31. Section 12.3 Summary – pages 323 - 329 This chart of chromosome pairs is called a karyotype, and it is valuable in identifying unusual chromosome numbers in cells.

34. Section 2 Check A cell with two of each kind of chromosome is __________. Question 1 D. polyploid C. biploid B. haploid A. diploid

35. Section 2 Check The answer is A. The two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell are called homologous chromosomes. Each has genes for the same traits. Homologous Chromosome 4 aA Terminal Axial Inflated D Constricted d Tall T Short t

36. Section 2 Check Why do organisms need meiosis for reproduction? Question 2 Meiosis Sperm Cell Egg Cell Haploid gametes (n=23) Fertilization Diploid zygote (2n=46) Mitosis and Development Multicellular diploid adults (2n=46)

37. Section 2 Check Meiosis is cell division that produces haploid gametes. If meiosis did not occur, each generation would have twice as many chromosomes as the preceding generation. Meiosis Sperm Cell Egg Cell Haploid gametes (n=23) Fertilization Diploid zygote (2n=46) Mitosis and Development Multicellular diploid adults (2n=46)

38. Section 3 Check Trisomy usually results from _______. (TX Obj 2; 6C) Question 2 D. twenty-two pairs of chromosomes C. nondisjunction B. incomplete dominance A. polygenic inheritance The answer is C.