1. 10-4 How Should We Manage and Sustain Parks and Natural Reserves? Concept 10-4 Sustaining biodiversity will require more effective protection of existing parks and nature reserves, as well as the protection of much more of the earth’s remaining undisturbed land area.

2. National Parks Face Many Environmental Threats Today we have more than _____________ major national parks located in more than 120 countries Parks in ________ - developed countries have the greatest biodiversity… But only about _____ of these parklands are protected because park services in these countries do not have enough ___________ or ____________ illegal animal poaching illegal logging and mining 1100 less 1% funds staff

3. Grand Teton National Park Fig. 10-22, p. 237 The U.S. national park system, established in 1912, has ________ major national parks Sometimes called our country’s _________ _______________ 58 crown jewels

4. Case Study: Stresses on U.S. Public Parks (1) Biggest problem may be _________________ Between 1960 and 2008, the number of visitors to U.S. national parks ____________ Noise Congestion Pollution Damage or destruction to vegetation and wildlife Most ________ parks are located near urban areas and receive about __________ as many visitors per year as do national parks popularity tripled state twice

5. Natural Capital Degradation: Damage From Off-Road Vehicles Fig. 10-23, p. 237 Damage caused by off road vehicles Controversy over whether these machines should be allowed

6. Case Study: Stresses on U.S. Public Parks (2) Additional threats to national parks include… Damage from _________________ species Boars and mountain goats eat or trample on vegetation...leads to increased soil erosion Introduced plants, insects, worms enter on vehicle __________ or on hikers’ _________ Native species are sometimes __________ or _______________ Not all park visitors understand the rules that protect species nonnative tiresgear killed removed

7. Case Study: Stresses on U.S. Public Parks (2) Our parks have also become threatened _____________ of biodiversity Surrounded by a “sea” of commercial development Nearby human activities threaten the wildlife and recreational value of parks… _________ pollution _________ rain Water ___________________ Estimated that national parks have an $ ________ billion backlog for long overdue maintenance islands air acid dispersion 8-9

8. Science Focus: Reintroducing the Gray Wolf to Yellowstone National Park Removed species sometimes need to be __________________ to national parks for natural capital ________________ Example: Scientists discovered that the gray wolf was a _____________ species essential for the health of Yellowstone National Park reintroduced restoration keystone

9. Science Focus: Reintroducing the Gray Wolf to Yellowstone National Park 1995 and 1996…_______ gray wolves were reintroduced In 2009 the park had ________ gray wolves Prey on elk and push them to a __________ elevation _______________ of aspen, cottonwoods, and willows More beaver dams, more _____________, more aspens “foundation” species Compete with and reduced the number of __________ Fewer attacks on cattle More small mammals present in the park 31 116 higher Regrowth wetlands coyotes

10. Fig. 10-24, p. 239

11. Nature Reserves Occupy Only a Small Part of the Earth’s Land Nature reserves occupy about ______ of our world land, but no more than ______ is strictly protected So in other words… we have reserved 95% of the earth’s land for human use Conservationists’ goal: to protect ______ of the earth’s land area in a global system that would include multiple examples of all the earth’s ___________ 13% 5% 20% biomes

12. Protecting more of the earth’s land from unsustainable use will require action and funding by… National ___________________ ______________ groups _________________ political pressure by concerned individuals _____________________ ventures involving governments, businesses, and private conservation organizations governments Private Bottom-up Cooperative

13. For example…The _________________ ____________, founded in 1951 by a group of professional ecologists, has created the world’s largest system of __________________ held nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries In the U.S., private, nonprofit _________ _________ ____________ have protected large areas of land Members pool their financial resources and accept tax ___________________ donations to buy and protect farmlands, woodlands, and urban green spaces Nature Conservancy privately landtrust groups deductible

14. Silver Creek Nature Conservancy Preserve near Sun Valley, Idaho Fig. 10-25, p. 240

15. Designing and Connecting Nature Reserves Large reserves are typically _____________ than small reserves Can hold more species and provide greater habitat diversity they also minimize __________________ to… natural disturbances (fires and hurricanes) Invading species Human disturbances This is especially true in tropical _______________ areas…where species diversity is extremely high better exposure rainforest

16. Designing and Connecting Nature Reserves Studies of other locales, however, indicate that _____________, ____________-sized reserves may be better protect a broader range of habitats When possible, scientists call for using the ____________ __________ concept to design and manage nature reserves This means strictly protecting an _________ core of a reserve and creating ________________ buffer zones where locals can use resources sustainably So far, the U.N. has created 553 ______________ _______________ with this method several medium buffer zone inner surrounding biosphere reserves

17. Designing and Connecting Nature Reserves It is also recommended to establish habitat ______________ between isolated reserves to allow migration for species that need large ranges 2006 study showed that areas connected by habitat corridors have ___________________ biodiversity without an increase in nonnative species corridors higher

18. Case Study: Costa Rica—A Global Conservation Leader 1963–1983: cleared much of the forest 1986–2006: forests grew from 26% to 51% Goal: net carbon dioxide emissions to zero by 2021 ¼ of land in nature reserves and natural parks – global leader Earns $1 billion per year in tourism

19. Solutions: Costa Rica: Parks and Reserves—Eight Megareserves Fig. 10-26, p. 241 Costa Rica smaller than West Virginia but a biodiversity super power home to more bird species than found in all of North America Eight _________ - _______________ mega reserves

20. Solutions: Costa Rica: Parks and Reserves—Eight Megareserves Fig. 10-26, p. 241 Government… pays landowners to maintain or restore _________ cover has planted nearly 14 million trees Conservation has paid off…the country’s largest source of income is _______________ tree ecotourism

21. Protecting Wilderness Is an Important Way to Preserve Biodiversity One way to protect undeveloped lands from human exploitation is to set them aside as _____________ Land officially designated as having no serious disturbance from human activities and where such activities are limited by _________ Wilderness Act of 1964…allows government to protect undeveloped public land These lands get the ______________ level of protection from human activities wilderness law highest

22. Protecting Wilderness Is an Important Way to Preserve Biodiversity The Wilderness act is controversial because it… currently protects only ________ of U.S. lands ¾ of this land is in _______________ In the lower 48 states, only 4 areas are ___________ enough to sustain the species they contain Great opposition from oil, gas, mining, and timber companies Wrangell - Saint Elias Wilderness 4.7% Alaska large

23. Review Questions Currently, what percentage of earth’s land is strictly protected? What percentage do conservations suggest we need to protect? What methods are suggested for designing and connecting nature reserves? 5% 20% Large or medium reserves Buffer zones Habitat corridors

24. Review Questions What is a wilderness area? Undisturbed, undeveloped land protected by law