1. Barnett/Ziegler/Byleen Business Calculus 11e1 Learning Objectives for Section 10.6 Differentials The student will be able to apply the concept of increments. The student will be able to compute differentials. The student will be able to calculate approximations using differentials.

2. Barnett/Ziegler/Byleen Business Calculus 11e2 Increments In a previous section we defined the derivative of f at x as the limit of the difference quotient: Increment notation will enable us to interpret the numerator and the denominator of the difference quotient separately.

3. Barnett/Ziegler/Byleen Business Calculus 11e3 Example Let y = f (x) = x 3. If x changes from 2 to 2.1, then y will change from y = f (2) = 8 to y = f (2.1) = 9.261. We can write this using increment notation. The change in x is called the increment in x and is denoted by  x.  is the Greek letter “delta”, which often stands for a difference or change. Similarly, the change in y is called the increment in y and is denoted by  y. In our example,  x = 2.1 – 2 = 0.1  y = f (2.1) – f (2) = 9.261 – 8 = 1.261.

4. Barnett/Ziegler/Byleen Business Calculus 11e4 Graphical Illustration of Increments For y = f (x)  x = x 2 - x 1  y = y 2 - y 1 x 2 = x 1 +  x = f (x 2 ) – f (x 1 ) = f (x 1 +  x) – f (x 1 ) (x 1, f (x 1 )) (x 2, f (x 2 )) x1x1 x2x2 xx yy ■  y represents the change in y corresponding to a  x change in x. ■  x can be either positive or negative.

5. Barnett/Ziegler/Byleen Business Calculus 11e5 Assume that the limit exists. For small  x, Multiplying both sides of this equation by  x gives us  y  f ’(x)  x. Here the increments  x and  y represent the actual changes in x and y. Differentials

6. Barnett/Ziegler/Byleen Business Calculus 11e6 One of the notations for the derivative is If we pretend that dx and dy are actual quantities, we get We treat this equation as a definition, and call dx and dy differentials. Differentials (continued)

7. Barnett/Ziegler/Byleen Business Calculus 11e7  x and dx are the same, and represent the change in x. The increment  y stands for the actual change in y resulting from the change in x. The differential dy stands for the approximate change in y, estimated by using derivatives. In applications, we use dy (which is easy to calculate) to estimate  y (which is what we want). Interpretation of Differentials

8. Barnett/Ziegler/Byleen Business Calculus 11e8 Example 1 Find dy for f (x) = x 2 + 3x and evaluate dy for x = 2 and dx = 0.1.

9. Barnett/Ziegler/Byleen Business Calculus 11e9 Example 1 Find dy for f (x) = x 2 + 3x and evaluate dy for x = 2 and dx = 0.1. Solution: dy = f ’(x) dx = (2x + 3) dx When x = 2 and dx = 0.1, dy = [2(2) + 3] 0.1 = 0.7.

10. Barnett/Ziegler/Byleen Business Calculus 11e10 Example 2 Cost-Revenue A company manufactures and sells x transistor radios per week. If the weekly cost and revenue equations are find the approximate changes in revenue and profit if production is increased from 2,000 to 2,010 units/week.

11. Barnett/Ziegler/Byleen Business Calculus 11e11 The profit is We will approximate  R and  P with dR and dP, respectively, using x = 2,000 and dx = 2,010 – 2,000 = 10. Example 2 Solution