1. World War I “The Great War” “The War to End All Wars”

2. Outbreak of War Assassination of the Archduke Austrian government thought that the Serbian government might be behind attack Emperor William II of Germany pledged full support of Austria Czar Nicholas II, of Russia, ordered the partial mobilization (process of assembling troops and supplies) against Austria

3. Outbreak of War General Alfred von Schlieffen, a German leader, came up with the Schlieffen Plan –Two-front war with France and Russia –Small holding action on Russia while most of the German Army would rapidly invade and defeat France –German troops had to march through Belgium to reach France Violated Belgian neutrality, so Great Britain declared war on Germany on August 4, 1914

4. 1914-1915: Illusions and Stalemate

5. Propaganda Propaganda - Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause Because of the government propaganda created before the war, the calls for defense and war in 1914 was widely accepted in Europe In 1914, almost everyone believed that the war would be over in a few weeks –Most wars since 1815 had been quick wars, over within a few months time

6. The Western Front Schlieffen Plan  German army would make a vast movement encircling Belgium, then they would quickly invade Northern France –Sweep around Paris, which would surrender most of the French army First Battle of Marne (September 6-10, 1914) –French military leaders loaded 2000 Parisian taxicabs with fresh troops and sent them to the front line

7. Erich Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front "We see men living with their skulls blown open; we see soldiers run with their two feet cut off… Still the little piece of convulsed earth in which we lie is held. We have yielded no more than a few hundred yards of it as a prize to the enemy. But on every yard there lies a dead man."

8. Trench Warfare Both the French and the German troops become bogged down in the trenches craved into the landscape –Both sides will be kept in almost the same position for four years Technology superior to tactics –Machine gun versus a human charge through "No man's land" –New technology = poison gas, airplanes Very high death rates –Battle of the Somme = 600,000 allied and 500,000 German dead for 125 miles of land –Battle of Verdun = 700,000 killed on both sides with no gain in territory

9. British Trench Diagram Taken from the British reference manual on Trench Warfare, British Trench Warfare 1917-1918. The manual was originally prepared by the General Staff at the British War Office

10. German machine gun trench

11. Schematic Illustration of trenches from a French magazine.

12. German trenches

13. US 18th Infantry, 1st Division troops in front line trench, 20 Jan 1918

14. “Hand-grenade Combat”

15. The Eastern Front Eastern Front was much more mobile then the Western Front However, the cost of lives was much higher Russian army moved into Germany at the Battle of Tennenberg (August 30) –Defeated by the Germans Tried again with the Battle of Masurian Lakes (September 15) –Defeated again by the Germans Austrians defeated by the Russian in Galicia and were thrown out of Serbia

16. The Eastern Front Italy betrayed their allies by attacking Austria in May, 1915 –Joined Great Britain, France, and Russia  became known as the Allied Powers Germany aided Austria and defeated the Russian in Galicia and pushed the Russians back into their own territory –Russia suffered 2.5 million causalities Germany and Austria- Hungary were joined by Bulgaria and attacked and eliminated Serbia from the war

17. Poison Gas Chlorine – greenish-yellow gas (heavier than air). Gas reacted in the presence of water to cause a chemical burning effect on organic matter. Human body was susceptible because it is organic and is always covered with a film of water. –Symptoms: vomiting, difficulty breathing, burning sensation in the lungs, eyes, nasal/mouth passages, and watery eyes. Severe cases included cell damage in lung leading to fluid buildup, loss of consciousness through suffocation, and death Phosgene – colorless, odorless, gas (heavier than air). It is highly poisonous because it will replace the oxygen in cells and quickly cause an oxygen debt within the body, leading to unconsciousness and death Mustard Gas – Caustic gas with a distinctive mustard smell. It causes blistering and huge sores on any exposed tissue, internal, or external. This was the most commonly used gas, along with phosgene, during WWI.

18. Estimated Gas Causalities NationFatalNon-Fatal Russia56,000419,340 Germany9,000200,000 France8,000190,000 British Empire8,109188,706 Austria-Hungary3,000100,000 USA1,46272,807 Italy4,62760,000 Total88,4981,240,853

19. Poison Gas Attacks

20. American soldier wearing his gas mask

21. Gas attack seen from an airplane

22. Gas masks for man and horse demonstrated by American soldier

23. British 55th (West Lancashire) Division troops blinded by tear gas

24. Effects of Mustard Gas

25. Weapons of the War

26. Machine Guns

27. Barbed Wire

28. Flamethrowers

29. Periscope Rifle

30. Phosphorus Grenade

31. Austrian Skoda 305mm howitzer

32. Krupp 420mm howitzer

33. Italian artillery battery

34. French 120mm guns

35. Krupp railroad gun

36. “The Paris Gun”

37. French Renault PT-17 tank

38. Original British tank prototype

39. US Renault tank of C Company, 327th Tank Battalion

40. Tactics of Trench Warfare Trench warfare confused military leaders who were trained to fight wars of movement Officers would sometimes order an artillery attack to flatten the enemy’s barbed wire and leave the enemy in a state of shock –After “softening up” the enemy, many soldiers would climb out of the trench with fixed bayonets hoping to work their way to the enemy Attacks rarely worked because men would have to advance through unprotected, open fields The French lost 700,000 men at Verdun in only a few miles of land War of attrition  war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses

41. War in the Air By the end of 1915, airplanes were used for the first time in battle Originally used to spot the enemy’s position Soon, airplanes would be used to attack ground targets At first, pilots fired at each other with handheld pistols –Later machine guns were attached to the plane Germans used giant airships – Zeppelins – to bomb London –Caused little damage, but frightened the people of England –Germans soon realized that zeppelins filled with hydrogen would burst into flames if hit by anti-aircraft guns

42. A World War

43. Widening of the War Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire joined the Triple Alliance, becoming known as the Central Powers Allied powers declared war on Ottoman Empire –Gallipoli  Allies tried to open a Balkan front southwest of Constantinople in April 1915; campaign was unsuccessful and allies were forced to withdraw Clip of Gallipoli

45. Widening of the War France and Great Britain agreed to allow Italy some Austrian territory if they would open a front against Austria-Hungary Lawrence of Arabia  a British officer stationed in the Middle East, urged Arab princes to revolt against the Ottoman Empire –1918  British troops from Egypt mobilized troops from India, Australia, and New Zealand and defeated the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East Allies seized German colonies around the world while Germany was preoccupied in Europe –Japan, a British ally since 1902, seized some German-held islands in the Pacific –Australia seized German New Guinea

46. Entry of the United States United States tried to remain neutral during the war, considering it a European war Immediate cause of US involvement: naval war between England and Germany British used its superior naval power to set up a blockade of Germany –Germany retaliated with a blockade of Britain Led to the use of unrestricted submarine warfare, including the sinking of passenger liners

47. Entry of the United States May 7, 1915  German forces sank the British ship, the Lusitania –Around 1,100, including 100 Americans, passengers died Strong protests followed the sinking of the ship, and Germany suspended unrestricted warfare in September 1915 January 1917  Germans wanted to break the deadlock of the war, so they began unrestricted submarine warfare again –Finally brought the United States into the war in April 1917 –Gave the Allies a psychological boast and a major new source of money and supplies

49. · Americans were infuriated with the destruction of the Lusitania.

50. “Over There” by George M. Cohan Johnnie, get your gun, Get your gun, get your gun, Take it on the run, On the run, on the run. Hear them calling, you and me, Every son of liberty. Hurry right away, No delay, go today, Make your daddy glad To have had such a lad. Tell your sweetheart not to pine, To be proud her boy's in line. (chorus sung twice) Chorus Over there, over there, Send the word, send the word over there - That the Yanks are coming, The Yanks are coming, The drums rum-tumming Ev'rywhere. So prepare, say a pray'r, Send the word, send the word to beware. We'll be over, we're coming over, And we won't come back till it's over Over there.

51. Johnnie, get your gun, Get your gun, get your gun, Johnnie show the Hun Who's a son of a gun. Hoist the flag and let her fly, Yankee Doodle do or die. Pack your little kit, Show your grit, do your bit. Yankee to the ranks, From the towns and the tanks. Make your mother proud of you, And the old Red, White and Blue. (chorus sung twice) Chorus Over there, over there, Send the word, send the word over there - That the Yanks are coming, The Yanks are coming, The drums rum-tumming Ev'rywhere. So prepare, say a pray'r, Send the word, send the word to beware. We'll be over, we're coming over, And we won't come back till it's over Over there.

52. Over There Audio Clip

53. The Impact of Total War

54. Increased Government Powers Total war  complete mobilization of resources and people Governments originally thought that the war would be over quickly, and had to reassess when it did not –Needed more men and supplies Countries drafted millions of young men Free-market economics were temporarily put aside in favor of centrally planned economics with government controls –Rationed food supplies and materials, regulated imports/exports, took over transportation systems and industries

55. Manipulation of Public Opinion The patriotic sentiment of the early war was beginning to end By 1916, morale of soldiers and civilians began to crack Authoritarian governments (Germany, Russia, & Austria-Hungary) used force to subdue populations British parliament passed the Defense of the Realm Act (DORA) –Allowed the government to arrest protestors as traitors Increased the use of propaganda –The British and French exaggerated German actions in Belgium

59. Total War and Women Women were asked to take over jobs that were not available to them before Jobs included chimney sweeps, truck drivers, farm laborers, and factory workers New jobs were only temporary, and when the men returned, the women would go back to the home By 1919, there were 650,000 unemployed women in Britain Women gained the right to vote in Germany, Austria, and the United States immediately after the war

61. Mobilized Dead Wounded Missing/PoW Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 Great Britain 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 France 8,410,000 1,375,800 3,266,000 537,000 Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 US 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,526 Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 Japan 800,000 300 907 3 Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000