1. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia

2. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS Metals Ceramics Polymers Gas Liquid Solid Composites

3. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia

4. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner and in comparison to the ceramics and polymers, are relatively dense. With regard to mechanical characteristics, these materials are relatively stiff and strong, yet are ductile, (capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture), and are resistant to fracture, which accounts for their widespread use in structural applications.

5. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia

6. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia

7. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements (O, N, and Si). As with metals and ceramics, the properties of polymers are intricately related to the structural elements of the material. Polymers

8. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia

9. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia

10. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia

11. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia

12. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia

13. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia

14. قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia

15. 1.1 Introduction and Historical Development Stone age → Bronze age → Iron age → Polymer age A. Development of civilization B. Application of polymeric materials ｏ PE milk bottles ｏ Polyamide bulletproof vests ｏ Polyurethane artificial heart ｏ Fluorinated phosphazene elastomer for arctic environments