1. Methods of Studying the Brain

2. Electroencephalogram (EEG) Records the electrical activity of the brain. Used to diagnose some psychological disorders and tumors.

3. CAT Scans  Computerized Axial Tomography  Uses X-Rays  Produces a three- dimensional snapshot

4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)  Uses magnetic fields and radio waves.  Produces a more detailed snapshot.

5. PET Scans - a.k.a. fMRI  Positron Emissional Tomography  Shows brain activity as it occurs  Demonstrates that for every mental event there are underlying biological events.

6. Heredity  Transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring.  Plays a key role in the development of traits which help shape our behavior.  These traits can be physical or psychological.  Back to the Nature-Nurture Debate

7. Kinship Studies  Kinship - degree to which people are related Identical twins share 100% of their genes Parents, children, full siblings – share 50% Aunts & Uncles by blood – share 25% First cousins – share 12.5%  Nature v. Nurture? - How much is a trait influenced by genetics and how much by environment?

8. Twin Studies  Identical Twins share the same genetic makeup Differences must be the result of environment Certain traits like shyness, activity levels, sociability, happiness appear to be influenced by heredity More likely than fraternal twins to share psychological disorders  Fraternal twins Differences could be result of genetics or environment

9. Adoptees Studies  Adoptees provide an unique opportunity to eliminate the effects of common background.  Twins Reared Apart Less likely than twins reared together to share common experiences Similarities are probably due to genetic factors