1. Cell Biology Overview The Cell Theory Microscopes Cell Membranes
Energy Conversion
(aka cellular respiration)
Cell Growth and Division
Cell Movement
Cell Organization / Protein Synthesis
Cell Specialization
There are 8 main topics in cell biology. We begin by introducing the topic, reviewing the current operating theory on cells and practice using microscopes to see cellular details. Next we investigate cell membranes, their properties and their role in maintaining cells. We spend a good deal of time on cellular respiration (Energy Conversion) looking at the metabolic pathways of glycolysis, the TCA cycle and the ETC. After that we move on to cell growth and division which foreshadows how cell moves. Finally we put it all together to see how cellular organization facilitates protein synthesis and finish up with what it means to be a specialized cell.

2. Cell Biology
a brief history

3. Robert Hooke 18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703
Greatest experimental scientist of 17th century
Inventor
Contemporary of Newton
Member of the Royal Society
“Hooke was perhaps the single greatest experimental scientist of the seventeenth century. His interests knew no bounds, ranging from physics and astronomy, to chemistry, biology, and geology, to architecture and naval technology; he collaborated or corresponded with scientists as diverse as Christian Huygens, Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, and Isaac Newton. Among other accomplishments, he invented the universal joint, the iris diaphragm, and an early prototype of the respirator.”

4. Mr Hooke’s “Cells”
“Micrographia is a historic book by Robert Hooke, detailing the then thirty year-old Hooke's observations through various lenses. Published in September 1665, the first major publication of the Royal Society, it was the first scientific best-seller, inspiring a wide public interest in the new science of microscopy. It is also notable for coining the biological term cell. “ Wikipedia
“Hooke had discovered plant cells -- more precisely, what Hooke saw were the cell walls in cork tissue. In fact, it was Hooke who coined the term "cells": the boxlike cells of cork reminded him of the cells of a monastery. Hooke also reported seeing similar structures in wood and in other plants. In 1678, after Leeuwenhoek had written to the Royal Society with a report of discovering "little animals" -- bacteria and protozoa -- Hooke was asked by the Society to confirm Leeuwenhoek's findings. He successfully did so, thus paving the way for the wide acceptance of Leeuwenhoek's discoveries.

5. Anton Leeuwenhoek October 24, 1632 - August 26, 1723
"Whenever I found out anything remarkable, I have thought it my duty to put down my discovery on paper, so that all ingenious people might be informed thereof."
The Dutch shopkeeper Leeuwenhoek had an obsession for microscopes and a talent for lens grinding. For over fifty years he made important observations in every branch of natural science. After studying samples of dental plaque and spittle, Leeuwenhoek wrote to the Royal Society that he found “an unbelievably great company of living animalcules… in such enormous numbers, that all the water ... seemed to be alive”. Although he never connected these creatures with disease, his observations and drawings are the first recorded descriptions of living micro-organisms.
Hooke noted that Leeuwenhoek's simple microscopes gave clearer images than his compound microscope, but found simple microscopes difficult to use: he called them "offensive to my eye" and complained that they "much strained and weakened the sight."
Leeuwenhoek is known to have made over 500 "microscopes," of which fewer than ten have survived to the present day. In basic design, probably all of Leeuwenhoek's instruments -- certainly all the ones that are known -- were simply powerful magnifying glasses, not compound microscopes of the type used today. A drawing of one of Leeuwenhoek's "microscopes" is shown at the left. Compared to modern microscopes, it is an extremely simple device, using only one lens, mounted in a tiny hole in the brass plate that makes up the body of the instrument. The specimen was mounted on the sharp point that sticks up in front of the lens, and its position and focus could be adjusted by turning the two screws. The entire instrument was only 3-4 inches long, and had to be held up close to the eye; it required good lighting and great patience to use.
Compound microscopes (that is, microscopes using more than one lens) had been invented around 1595, nearly forty years before Leeuwenhoek was born. Several of Leeuwenhoek's predecessors and contemporaries, notably Robert Hooke in England and Jan Swammerdam in the Netherlands, had built compound microscopes and were making important discoveries with them. These were much more similar to the microscopes in use today. Thus, although Leeuwenhoek is sometimes called "the inventor of the microscope," he was no such thing.
However, because of various technical difficulties in building them, early compound microscopes were not practical for magnifying objects more than about twenty or thirty times natural size. Leeuwenhoek's skill at grinding lenses, together with his naturally acute eyesight and great care in adjusting the lighting where he worked, enabled him to build microscopes that magnified over 200 times, with clearer and brighter images than any of his colleagues could achieve. What further distinguished him was his curiosity to observe almost anything that could be placed under his lenses, and his care in describing what he saw. Although he himself could not draw well, he hired an illustrator to prepare drawings of the things he saw, to accompany his written descriptions. Most of his descriptions of microorganisms are instantly recognizable.
In 1673, Leeuwenhoek began writing letters to the newly-formed Royal Society of London, describing what he had seen with his microscopes -- his first letter contained some observations on the stings of bees. For the next fifty years he corresponded with the Royal Society; his letters, written in Dutch, were translated into English or Latin and printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, and often reprinted separately. To give some of the flavor of his discoveries, we present extracts from his observations, together with modern pictures of the organisms that Leeuwenhoek saw.

6. First peek
This is one of von Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes. The lens is a bead of glass. The sample to be examined is placed on the holder and the screw is rotated to move the sample up and down and to rotate it.

7. Animicule Drawings
A letter dated December 25, 1702, gives descriptions of many protists, including this ciliate, Vorticella: "In structure these little animals were fashioned like a bell, and at the round opening they made such a stir, that the particles in the water thereabout were set in motion thereby. . . And though I must have seen quite 20 of these little animals on their long tails alongside one another very gently moving, with outstretched bodies and straightened-out tails; yet in an instant, as it were, they pulled their bodies and their tails together, and no sooner had they contracted their bodies and tails, than they began to stick their tails out again very leisurely, and stayed thus some time continuing their gentle motion: which sight I found mightily diverting."

8. Anton Leeuwenhoek
“I observed the spittle of two several women, whose teeth were kept clean, and there were no animals in the spittle, but the meal between the teeth, being mixed with water, (as before) I found the animals above described, as also the long particles.

9. Matthias Schleiden botanist used microscope in his studies
5 April June 1881
botanist
used microscope in his studies
proposed that all plants are made up of cells
“Schleiden preferred to study plant structure under the microscope. While a professor of botany at the University of Jena, he wrote Contributions to Phytogenesis (1838), in which he stated that the different parts of the plant organism are composed of cells.”

10. Theodore Schwann physiologist defined metabolism discovered pepsin
7 December January 1882
physiologist
defined metabolism
discovered pepsin
studied nervous system
proposed that all animals are made up of cells
“Once, when Schwann was dining with Matthias Jakob Schleiden (who in 1837 had viewed and stated that new plant cells formed from the nuclei of old plant cells) in 1837, the conversation turned on the nuclei of plants and animal cells. Schwann remembered seeing similar structures in the cells of the notochord (as had been shown by Müller) and instantly realized the importance of connecting the two phenomena. The resemblance was confirmed without delay by both observers, and the results soon appeared in his famous Microscopic Investigations on the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Plants and Animals, in which he declared that "All living things are composed of cells and cell products."[1] Thus cell theory was definitely constituted. In the course of his verification of cell theory, in which Schwann traversed the whole field of histology, he proved the cellular origin and development of the most highly differentiated tissues including nails, feathers, and tooth enamel. “
“In 1839, he extended Schleiden's cell theory to animals, stating that all living things are composed of cells “

11. Rudolf Virchow physician father of pathology disease occurred in cells
physician
father of pathology
disease occurred in cells
extended cell theory -
“Virchow is credited with many important discoveries. His most widely known scientific contribution is his cell theory, which built on the work of Theodor Schwann. He was one of the first to accept the work of Robert Remak, who showed the origins of cells was the division of pre-existing cells. He did not initially accept the evidence for cell division, believing it only occurs in certain types of cells. When it dawned on him that Remak might be right, in 1855, he published Remak's work as his own, which caused a falling out between the two. This work, Virchow encapsulated in the epigram Omnis cellula e cellula ("Every cell originates from another existing cell like it."), which he published in (The epigram was actually coined by François-Vincent Raspail, but popularized by Virchow.) It is a rejection of the concept of spontaneous generation, which held that organisms could arise from nonliving matter. “
Virchow provided the “third” leg of the cell theory. Abiogenesis, the study of creating living from nonliving materials is a very active field of investigation today. We have come full circle, back to how life originated on earth more than 2 billion years ago.
"Omnis cellula e cellula"...
“All cells only arise from pre-existing cells".

12. Classic Cell Theory 3. Cells come 2. All animals are from cells
made up of cells
1. All plants are
made up of cells
This is the classic cell theory that every biologist knows. Each cell on today’s planet came from a preexisting cell. But how far back do we go before we are faced once again with the question, “How did life begin?” Before we go back that far, let’s look at one more curiosity - how we came to have mitochondria in our cells.
Rudolf
Virchow
Theodore
Schwann
Matthias
Schleiden

13. Invasion of the Organelles!!
Lynn Margulis
1938 – 2011
attended U Chicago at age 14
UMass Professor
proposed Endosymbiotic Theory
one of the greatest advances in the theory of evolutionary biology
I greatly admire Lynn Margulis's sheer courage and stamina in sticking by the endosymbiosis theory, and carrying it through from being an unorthodoxy to an orthodoxy. I'm referring to the theory that the eukaryotic cell is a symbiotic union of primitive prokaryotic cells. This is one of the great achievements of twentieth-century evolutionary biology.

14. The Appearance of Eukaryotes
Endosymbiosis is a theory that explains the origins of the nuclear envelop, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts. Infoldings of the cell membrane gave rise to membrane enclosed structures such as the nucleus, ER and lysosomes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA. The theory is that bacteria with certain specializations invaded these host cells. In the case of mitochondria, the ability to extract more ATP from each glucose molecule, gave a clear advantage to host cells. In the case of chloroplasts, the ability to make glucose using CO2, water and sunlight was a great benefit. Molecular and biochemical evidence suggest that the mitochondrion developed from proteobacteria and the chloroplast from cyanobacteria over 1.5 billion years ago.

15. Modern Cell Theory
Fundamental unit of structure and function in plants and animals.
Arise from pre-existing cells by cell division.
Energy flow (chemical reactions) occurs within.
Contain hereditary information, passed from cell to cell during cell division.
Same biomolecules in organisms of similar species .
Some organisms are made up of only one cell - unicellular organisms.
Others are multicellular organisms.
The activity of an organism depends on the activity of its cells.

16. Abiogenesis
Abiogenesis is the study of how life arose from nonliving matter – CHO and N.

17. Current Thinking . . . Abiogenesis (RNA or polypeptides 1st)
Chem autotrophs (bacteria and archaea)
use CO2 and chemical energy
Bacteria develop primitive photosynthesis
Cyanobacteria split water to form oxygen gas as a waste product
Endosymbiosis

18. Cell Biology
Tools

19. Microscopes - I Phase Contrast Microscope Simple Light Microscope
We begin by practicing with a light microscope and making observations on living and nonliving cell specimens. But before we do the lab, we will hear a brief description of the types of microscopes using in biological investigations and review the main parts of a compound light microscope.
Simple light microscope – used to view both living and “fixed” and stained specimens up to 400x magnification; with an oil immersion lens up to 1000x, just enough magnification to make out the shape of bacteria.
phase contrast microscope - reveals more cellular details and allows biologists to observe these details and their changes over time in living cells.

20. Microscopes - 2 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Transmission electron microscope - allows biologists to observe details as small as 1 x 10-10m in fixed cells. With the advent of this type of microscope, an enormous amount of information about the cell and its structures were revealed. The microscope also allowed the study of bacteria and viruses in much more detail. In the above slide, the cell is approximately 500 x 10-6m, the bacteria is approximately 5 x 10-6m in length, and the ebola virus is approximately 0.9 x 10-6m long.

21. Microscopes - 3
Scanning electron microscope - allows biologists to observe details on the surface of cells, bacteria and viruses.

22. Compound Microscope Parts let’s sketch!