1. Implementing Remote Procedure Calls Andrew D. Birrell and Bruce Jay Nelson Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Published: ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, Vol. 2, No. 1, February 1984, pages 39-59. Cristopher Holm Authors:

2. RPC RPC (remote procedure call) is a mechanism for transfer of control and data, and subsequent resumption of control: It acts in the same manner as a local procedure call: Some process or thread is executing … A procedure call is made, suspending execution of the caller The procedure runs to completion and returns control to the caller The caller resumes execution The authors wanted their implementation of this concept to be relatively transparent to the programmer, so that an RPC call would look and feel semantically like a local procedure call. Their development environment was the Cedar programming language, running the Mesa OS on Dorado hardware.

3. Issues 1.Call Semantics with the possibility of machine or communications failure. 2.Call arguments that include addresses when shared address space may or may not be utilized. 3.Integration of RPC into existing and future systems. 4.Binding procedure caller and procedure callee. 5.Transfer protocols for data and control. 6.Ensuring data integrity and security.

4. Goals 1.To make distributed computation (i.e. – RPC) easy. 2.Efficiency in RPC communication. 3.To make RPC semantics as powerful as possible, while still preserving simplicity and efficiency. 4.Ensuring secure and reliable communication. 5.Making the semantics of RPC as close as possible to that of local procedure calls.

5. RPC Structure Caller RPCRuntime Transmit packet(s) Receive packet(s) Send packet Network Receive packet User StubUser Procedure call procedure return Pack arguments Unpack result(s) Callee RPCRuntime Receive packet(s) Transmit packet(s) Server StubServer Procedure call Procedure return Unpack arguments Pack result(s) Receive packet Send packet

6. An interface is made up of two components: 1.Type – what it can do. This concept is similar to an object oriented programming interface: An entity provides an interface to the outside world, stating how it behaves, what data it expects for this behaviour and what data it provides (if any). The underlying functionality is hidden. 2.Instance – a particular provider of this type. The instance is similar to an object that implements the OOP interface. Binding The caller needs to bind to a callee that can perform the remote procedure. This is specified for the callee by the abstraction that the authors call an interface. Authors’ interface example: Type:mail server Instance:a specific mail server of type mail server

7. Binding, Continued The caller binds to the callee by specifying something to uniquely identify the callee (Naming in this case) and the callee’s location. But first the caller must find out what callees are available to handle the request at the time of the procedure call. This is accomplished by a database lookup: When a callee wishes to export an interface (make it available to callers), it stores information about its interface in a network accessible database. Database RPCRuntime Update Database Server StubServer Export Interface Callee

8. Binding, Continued The caller can then find the server callee in a database lookup: By specifying a particular instance of the desired interface type and receiving location information about that instance, or By specifying the type of the interface and receiving a list of instances that implement that type, and then iterating through them to find an available match. Caller RPCRuntimeUser StubUser Import Interface Query Database Interface Info Database Who’s available? Available Interfaces

9. Transport Protocol The protocol used is intended for small, discrete chunks of data, each of which can contain: Identifiers specifying caller, callee and call. Requested procedure and procedure arguments. Procedure results. Acknowledgements of received packets. Exception information. A caller may send requests for acknowledgement to the callee, and as long as the callee responds, the caller may wait indefinitely for results if the remote procedure deadlocks or loops (just like local procedure calls).

10. Protocol, Continued Simple calls Retransmission of a packet (either from caller or callee) occurs until an acknowledgement is received. To the caller, a received packet containing the procedure results is viewed as an acknowledgement. To the callee, a received packet containing a new procedure call is viewed an an acknowledgement of the last procedure result sent. Each call by the caller carries a unique identifier so that subsequent calls to the same procedure may be processed, but duplicate packets (from retransmissions) for the same call will be discarded. Any given caller (process or thread on a given machine) will have at most one outstanding remote call.

11. Protocol, Continued Complicated calls An acknowledgement is expected for each packet sent. The caller may send additional packets, called probes, if the callee is taking a long time to send results. After a certain threshold of probes sent without an acknowledgment, the caller may raise an exception to the user about a communication failure (again, a deadlocked callee can’t be detected). If the contents of a packet (procedure arguments or return results) are too large to fit in one packet, multiple packets are sent with all but the last requiring acknowledgement before transmission of the next. Each packet is sequentially marked.

12. Protocol, Continued Caller RPCRuntime Transmit first packet Receive result User Procedure call procedure return Callee Server Procedure call procedure return RPCRuntime Call[Ids, packet=0] Ack[Ids, packet=0] Call[Ids, packet=1] Transmit next packet Transmit ack Receive packet 0 Receive packet 1 Receive ack Retransmit next packet Call[Ids, packet=1, needAck] Receive packet 1 Transmit ack Ack[Ids, packet=1] Receive ack Transmit result Transmit ack request Result[Ids] Result[Ids, needAck] Receive result Transmit ack Ack[Ids] Receive ack

13. Exceptions Exceptions for RPC are published in a server’s interface along with all of the normal procedure calls. In this way, the remote call acts just like a local call, propagating any exceptions back to the caller and any handlers that may be waiting there to catch them. One additional exception is available, the RPCRuntime call failed exception, which provides one of the few differences between a local and remote procedure call. This exception may be raised when there are communication difficulties.

14. Processes A server callee maintains a pool of available server processes to handle incoming requests: This saves the cost of creating a new process to handle each request. A new process is created to handle a new request when the available processes are busy. To save on the costs of context switches between processes, each packet contains Ids of calling and serving processes. A typical simple call will incur 4 process context switches, including context switching between incoming packet interrupt handler and the target process identified by the process ID in the packet.

15. Performance Procedure 0 args / 0 results* 1 arg / 1 result* 2 args / 2 results* 4 args / 4 results* 10 args / 10 results* 1 word array** 4 word array** 10 word array** 40 word array** 100 word array** Resume exception Unwind exception Minimum (  s) 1059 1070 1077 1115 1222 1069 1106 1214 1643 2915 2555 3374 Median (  s) 1097 1105 1127 1171 1278 1111 1153 1250 1695 2926 2637 3467 Transmission (  s) 131 142 152 174 239 131 174 239 566 1219 284 Local-only (  s) 9 10 11 12 17 10 13 16 51 98 134 196 * n word-size arguments passed to the callee, n word-size return values returned to the caller ** arguments and return values were packed in word arrays of size n Listed below are times for remote procedures to complete in comparison to local procedure calls:

16. Conclusion The authors concluded that their implementation and its performance was acceptable, and noted that programmers at Xerox had begun to use RPC with success. They noted that there were a number of optimizations that could be made to improve performance, but viewed some of these as “extreme measures”. Implementations were created in a number of other languages, including C and SmallTalk.