1. Welcome This is a document to explains the chosen concept to the animator. This will take you through a 5 section process to provide the necessary details to the animator before starting the animation. The legend on the left will indicate the current status of the document. The big Black coloured number will denote the current section, the Grey color would denote the completed sections, and the Turquoise color would denote the remaining sections. The slides having yellow background (like this one) are the 'Instruction slides' 5 2 1 4 3

2. Fractures Surfaces along which the rock or minerals have lost cohesion. ‏  Related LOs: > Prior Viewing: graduation level of fundamental of structural Geology > Future Viewing :  Course Name: Structural Geology Level: Post graduation  Author: Arpita Roy  Mentor: Prof. Soumyajit Mukherjee *The contents in this ppt are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 India license

3. Learning objectives After interacting with this Learning Object, the learner will be able to: Describe the types of fractures in natural examples Explain the mechanism for propagation of different types fractures in rocks 5 3 2 4 1

4. Keywords/ Definitions 6) Slip: Across which there has been significant displacement along the fractures 7) Brittle and ductile deformation: Brittle deformation involves in breaking of rocks. Ductile deformation involves in bending and folding of rocks. 5 3 2 4 1 1) Propagation direction: The direction in which the fracture move forward 4) Extension force: Force that acts in perpendicular direction and away from the deforming rock body 3) Fracture plane: The plane along which rocks loss their cohesion 2) Propagation edge: The point that limits the movement of propagation of fracture 5) Shortening: Deformation by the compressive force acts on rock in same direction of movement

5. Definitions/ Keywords Shear Fracture: Mode II Propagation In shear fracture, the motion is relative, and during propagation it goes parallel to the fracture surface and perpendicular to the propagating edge (Figs. 2a-c). 5 3 2 4 1 Extension Fracture: Mode I Propagation In extension fracture, the motion is relative as the fracture propagates perpendicular to the fracture wall (Figs.1a-c). Shear Fracture: Mode III Propagation Mode The relative motion is perpendicular to the propagating edge (Figs. 3a-c).

6. Master layout or diagram Make a schematic diagram of the concept Explain the animator about the beginning and ending of the process. Draw image big enough for explaining. In the image, identify and label different components of the process/phenomenon. (These are like characters in a film) ‏ Illustrate the basic flow of action by using arrows. Use BOLD lines in the diagram (minimum 2pts.) ‏ In the slide after that, provide the definitions of ALL the labels used in the diagram You may have multiple master layouts. In this case, number the master layout. (e.g. Master layout 1, 2, 3…) ‏ 5 3 2 4 1

7. Master layout 5 3 2 4 1 Animator should redraw diagrams Assign grey colour to the blocks and blue line to the fractures Text written in blue colour are instruction for animator, these would not appear in the final animation Text written in black colour has to appear in the animation Text labeled in red color would popup in animation Green arrows indicate the flow of the phenomenon/process

8. Master Layout-1, Extension Fracture 5 3 2 4 1 Propagating edge Propagation direction Extension force Fig. 1aFig. 1c Fig. 1b opening of crack Initiation of crack/fracture plane Extension Mode I: Propagation of fracture in rock analogs to unzipping (Fig. 1 a to 1c)i. 1c) Step :1 block should move away gradually as are shown in Fig. 1a to Fig. 1c. This is like opening up of a zip (demarcated by arrows), until it reaches the propagating edge (Vertical dashed black line)

9. 5 3 2 4 1 Propagating edge Propagation direction Direction of shortening/slip Fig. 2a Fig. 2c Fig. 2b Master layout:2, Shear Fracture Fracture plane Mode II: Propagation of fracture in rock analogs to ironing cloths by fig 2a to 2c.n Iron box (Fig. 2a to Fig. 2c) Block is moving through the fracture surface under the influence of slip movement (Fig. 2a to Fig. 2c). Right hand side block will move more from the starting point towards the propagating edge. The right hand side block should appear shorter than the left hand side block. Process is such as sliding of iron box on cloth.

10. 1 5 3 2 4 Propagating edge Propagation direction Direction of slip force Fig. 3aFig. 3b Fig. 3c Master layout:3, Shear Fracture Fracture plane Mode III: Propagation of fracture in rock analogs to scissors (Fig. 3a to Fig. 3c) Both the blocks are in oblique motion along the fracture surface (Fig. 3a to Fig. 3c). Right hand block will move more in the downward direction gradually as compare to the left hand block. This is similar to the movement of scissors. The movement must be indicated by arrows.

11. Stepwise description of process The goal of the document is to provide instructions to an animator who is not a expert. You have to describe what steps the animator should take to make your concept come alive as a moving visualization. Use one slide per step. This will ensure clarity of the explanation. Add a image of the step in the box, and the details in the table below the box. You can use any images for reference, but mention about it's copyright status The animator will have to re-draw / re-create the drawings Add more slides as per the requirement of the animation 5 2 1 4 3

12. Step 1(a): Mechanism of development of Mode I fracture ‏ 5 2 1 4 3 Fig.1a Crack/fracture plane Propagating edge Extension force Description of the actionAudio narrationText to be displayed Show gradually development of crack/fracture plane. The fracture plane is demarcated by a blue line (see Fig. 1a) near the edge towards the central part. Give blue color to the line in the block and grey color to the block. Redraw the drawing. Labels should popup as the process proceeds. Display the sequence of figures as an animation for 15 seconds of time, after that, the second block diagram (Fig. 1b) would appear on the screen. Extension force exerted sufficient impact that causes initiation of the fracture plane perpendicular to extension direction

13. Step 1(b): Mechanism of development of Mode I fracture ‏ 5 2 1 4 3 Fig. 1b Extension force Crack/fracture plane Propagating edge Propagation direction Description of the actionAudio narrationText to be displayed Show a block edge gradually open up along the blue line. Opening is demarcate as ‘V’ as per Fig 1b. Give blue color to line in the block and grey color to block. Two opposite arrows (extension force arrows) should appear first, then this opening of block would came in animation like beginning of unzipping. Labels should popup as the process proceeds. Redraw the drawing. Display time 15 second, After that Fig. 1c would appear on screen. Opening of the block and gradual propagation of the fracture perpendicular to extension direction

14. Step 1(c): Mechanism of development of Mode I fracture ‏ 5 2 1 4 3. Propagating edge fracture plane Extension force Propagation direction Extension force Fig. 1c Description of the actionAudio narrationText to be displayed Show a block edge gradually open up more along the blue line up to the propagating edge (vertical dashed line). Opening is demarcate as unzipped as per Fig. 1c. Give blue color to line in the block and grey color to block. Two opposite arrows (extension force arrows) should appear first then this opening of block should. As well as the propagation arrows such as diagram is showing, Labels should popup as process proceeds. Redraw the drawing. Display time 15 second, After that blank screen would appear on screen and Fig. 2a will appear after 5seconds Opening of fracture perpendicular to extension direction

15. Step 2(a): Mechanism of development of Mode II fracture 5 2 1 4 3 Fig. 2a Propagating edge slip fracture plane Propagation direction Description of the actionAudio narrationText to be displayed Show a block gradually developed a line demarcate it as slip as per Fig. 2a near the edge towards the central part. Give blue color to line and grey color to block. Right hand side block will move more/ push from the starting edge towards the propagating edge (vertical line) and should appear shorter than the left hand side block. Process is such as sliding of iron box on cloth. Redraw the drawing. Display time 15 second, After that second block diagram (Fig. 2b) would appear on screen. Sliding force exerted sufficient slip that initiates the movement along the fracture plane perpendicular to movement direction

16. Step 2b: Mechanism of development of Mode II fracture 5 2 1 4 3 Fig. 2b Propagating edge Slip Propagation direction Fracture plane Description of the action Audio narrationText to be displayed Show a right side of block edge gradually pushed up along the blue line as per Fig. 2b ( the right hand part is slip against the left hand side part of block). Give blue color to line and grey color to block. Two half opposite arrow (slip arrows) should appear with the movement of right hand side part. As well as propagation arrows would come in picture simultaneously. Redraw the drawing. Display time is 15 second, after that third block diagram (Fig. 2c) would appear on screen. Gradual propagation of the slip movement of fracture perpendicular to the propagating edge

17. Step 2(c): Mechanism of development of Mode II fracture 5 2 1 4 3 Fig. 2c Propagating edge Slip Propagation direction Fracture plane Description of the actionAudio narrationText to be displayed Show a block edge gradually slip more along the blue line up to the dashed line (propagating edge) as per Fig. 2c. Give blue color to line and grey color to block. Two opposite half arrows (slip arrows) should move as well as the propagation arrows such as diagram (Fig. 2c) is showing. Movement will stop at the dashed vertical line. Redraw the drawing. Display time 15 seconds, after that blank screen would appear on screen and Fig. 3a will appear after 5 seconds. Movement of the fracture perpendicular to the propagating edge.

18. Step 3(a): Mechanism of development of Mode III fracture 5 2 1 4 3 Fig. 3a Propagating edge Slip Fracture plane /Crack Description of the action Show a block edge gradually slip more along the blue line up to the dashed line (propagating edge) as per Fig. 2c. Give blue color to line and grey color to block. Two opposite half arrows (slip arrows) should move as well as the propagation arrows such as diagram (Fig. 2c) is showing. Movement will stop at the dashed vertical line. Redraw the drawing. Display time 15 seconds, after that blank screen would appear on screen and Fig. 3a will appear after 5 seconds. Audio narration Movement of the fracture parallel to the propagating edge. Text to be displayed

19. Step 2 : Mechanism of development of Mode III fracture 5 2 1 4 3 Fig. 3b Propagating edge Slip Propa gation directi on Fracture plane Slip Description of the actionAudio narrationText to be displayed Show a right side of block edge gradually pushed up obliquely downward direction as per Fig. 3c (the right hand part is slip against the left hand side part of block). Give blue color to line and grey color to block. Two half vertical opposite arrows (slip arrows) should appear with the movement of right hand side part moving obliquely. As well as propagation arrows would come in picture simultaneously. And the termination of movement with the appearance of vertical dashed line (propagating edge). Redraw the drawing. Display time 15 seconds, after that Fig. 3b would appear on screen. Movement of the fracture parallel to the propagating edge

20. Step 3: 5 2 1 4 3 T3: Mechanism of development of Mode III fracture. Fig. 3c Propagating edge Slip Propagation direction Fracture plane Slip Description of the actionAudio narrationText to be displayed Show a block edge gradually obliquely slips more along the blue line up to the dashed line (propagating edge) as per Fig. 3c. Give blue color to line in the block and grey color to block. Two opposite vertical half arrows (slip arrows) should move downward, as well as the propagation arrows such as diagram is showing. Movement has to be stopped at the dashed vertical line. Movement of the fracture parallel to the propagating edge Slip movement stopped at propagating edge in Mode III fracture.

21. Animation design Please see the design template provided in the next slide. This is a sample template, and you are free to change as per your design requirements. Try and rename the tabs / buttons / sections / subsections as shown in the template. Use ‘callouts’ as shown above to explain the source of content. Ex: If the call out is placed at the Tab 01, and you want the content to be taken from slide 3 of this presentation, then place this callout on the Tab 01, and write ‘Slide 3’ inside the callout. Slide 3 5 2 1 3 4

22. Animation area Click on Arrows(labeled as extension force )/ Pull it outward Credits Interactivity area Start Propagating edge Crack/fracture plane Extension force Propagating edge Crack/fracture plane Propagation direction Mode I propagation of Fracture Propagating edge Mode I ModeII ModeIII Replay What is Fractures?

23. Click on Arrows(labeled as slip)/ Push it towards the dash line Credits Mode II propagation of Fracture Interactivity area Propagating edge fracture plane Propagation direction Slip fracture plane Start What is Fractures? Mode I ModeII ModeIII Replay

24. Click on Arrows(labeled as slip)/ Push it downward Credits Interactivity area Propagating edge Crack/fracture plane Propagation direction Slip Propagation direction Mode III propagation of Fracture Start What is Fractures? ModeII ModeI ModeIII Replay

25. Self- Assessment Questionnaire for Learners Please provide a set of questions that a user can answer based on the LO. They can be of the following types: – These questions should be 5 in number and can be of objective type (like MCQ, Match the columns, Yes or No, Sequencing, Odd One Out). – The questions can also be open-ended. The user would be asked to think about the question. The author is requested to provide hints if possible, but a full answer is not necessary. – One can include questions, for which the user will need to interact with the LO (with certain parameters) in order to answer it. – It is better to avoid questions based purely on recall. APPENDIX 1

26. Questionnaire: 1) What are the different types of fractures? Two main types : Shear and Extension and it has also subdivisions based on the relative displacement o It does not consist of any subdivisions o Fracture classification is same as joint classification 2) What is the angular relation between extension direction and fracture propagation in Mode I, II & III fractures? These would be 90º, 90°, 0 ⁰ respectively. o These would be 0º, 90°, 90 ⁰ respectively o These would be 90º, o°, 90 ⁰ respectively. APPENDIX 1

27. Questionnaire: 3) Fractures primarily related with a) Ductile deformation in which rock bends b) Brittle deformation in which rock breaks c) Both deformational event (ductile & brittle deformation) d) None of these.

28. Links for further reading In the next slide, provide some reference reading material for the users. It could be books, reference publications, or website URLs. APPENDIX 2

29. Links for further reading Twiss R.J., Moores E.M., 2007. Structural geology. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. pp. 37-42 APPENDIX 2

30. Summary Please provide points to remember to understand the concept/ key terms of the animation, in the next slide. The summary will help the user in the quick review of the concept. APPENDIX 3

31. Summary: Fractures are surfaces along which the rock or minerals have lost cohesion. There are mainly two types of fractures 1) Extension Fracture 2) Shear Fracture In natural condition mainly three types of fracturing modes/fracturing style / fracturing propagation exist : Mode I: Extension Fracture In extension fracture, the motion is relative as the fracture propagates perpendicular to the fracture wall (Figs.1a-c). Mode II: Shear Fracture In shear fracture, the motion is relative, and during propagation it goes parallel to the fracture surface and perpendicular to the propagating edge (Figs. 2a-c). Mode III: Shear Fracture The relative motion is perpendicular to the propagating edge (Figs. 3a-c). APPENDIX 3