1. Provenance in Sensornet Republishing Unkyu Park and John Heidemann University of Southern California Information Science Institute June 18, 2008

2. Why Sensornet Provenance? Growing amount of sensornet data –In isolated sensornets? –Today, reuse of data and collaboration are rare Sharing is important –Use the Internet in sharing sensor data –multiple steps, different users Provenance for sensornet –Support tracking data back to its source –Encourage sharing 2

3. Sensor-Internet Goals –Share and search across many independently running sensor networks –Allow users to process and share transformed data 3 republisher: transforms the existing data the Internet sensor-search: index data and support sensornet discovery users mote sensornet mobile phones or personal computers sensors: sense the environments sensor store: repository for all data republisher [S. Reddy, G. Chen, B. Fulkerson, S. J. Kim, U. Park, N. Yau, J. Cho, M. Hansen, and J. Heidemann. Sensor-Internet Share and Search: Enabling Collaboration of Citizen Scientists. in Data Sharing and Interoperability on the World-wide Sensor Web, IPSN 2007, April 2007]

4. Sensor data sharing How Can Sensornet Provenance Help? 4 TempMap Interpolate point data into a complete temperature map 1. Check the transformation Problem: A user detects abnormality on the map Temperature Sensor Raw 87.1 ?7.1 87.? Image Recognition 94.3 77.1 87.3 78.8 58.4 2. Check the input Q. What causes problem? 3. Find an abnormal sensor reading 4. Check the transformation and input 5. Found that the image recognition problem (74.3  94.3) Fixing Digits Digit Repair Corrected 87.1 ±0.1 87.5 ±0.5 Raw 87.1 ?7.1 87.?

5. Building Sensornet Ecosystem Collaborative processing –Encourage users who use the same data to collaborate –Participatory sensing Search over the provenance –Exploit the provenance to indentify high quality sensor data 5 TempMap Temperature Sensor Raw 87.1 ?7.1 87.? Digit Repair

6. Challenges in Sensornet Provenance Sensor data are distributed across many data providers –Need: distributed data management and authorization Locate the distributed sensor data Support a distributed authorization in tracking provenance Each sensor data item is often small –Need: efficient provenance storage Scale the provenance storage according the sensor data size Sensor data keeps arriving –Need: stream-aware provenance Record the temporal location of stream 6

7. Sensor Provenance Goals and Contributions Goals –End-user can follow back to the original source –Observe each step of processing Contributions –Provenance via new linking scheme (distributed data management) –User-centric access control (distributed authorization) –Incremental compression (provenance storage) –Stream-aware provenance 7

8. Outline Motivation Sensornet Provenance Evaluation –Prototype deployment –Storage cost –Compression alternatives –Ease-of-use provenance 8

9. Design Choice of Sensornet Provenance Representation –annotation vs. inversion –content vs. link Granularity –tuple-level (fine-grained) vs. table-level Consistency (Stream-aware provenance) – timestamping to handle sensor data that keep arriving Authorization –The data generator controls data access –Pass a “letter of reference” to the owner 9

10. Predecessor Links Purpose: locate sensor data across different administration Fine-grained, annotation based, timestamped links –S–Source location Location of the source repository Table at that repository Search from the table –T–Timestamp To replay a relative query and produce the same result –T–Transformation A point to a general description, source codes, or executable programs An example –.–. 10 &x="http://www.isi.edu/ilense/siss/tempread.html" sb://sensorbase.org/soap/sensorbase2.wsdl?s=getData&a1="datetime,temperature"&a 2=p_97_temperature&a3=‘sensorid="sum-in"’&a4=0&a5=1 &t="2008-02-24 12:00:00”

11. Letter of Reference Purpose: provide an ease-of-use authorization Sensor-store security model –Public –Case-by-case basis Letter of reference –Contextual information of the data requestor User’s activities : collaboration with others, data sharing activities How the user encountered the provider’s data Authentication –Provide this context to inform the data owner –The owner will make a decision based on it 11

12. Outline Motivation Sensornet Provenance Evaluation –Prototype deployment –Storage cost –Compression alternatives –Ease-of-use provenance 12

13. Prototype Deployment Deployment –Provenance system –Sensors –Sensor-store Prototype republishers –Digit repair –Digit repair with Image –TempMap 13 Fixing Digits Repair with image Corrected 87.1 ±0.1 87.5 ±0.5 Raw 87.1 ?7.1 87.? Fixing Digits Digit Repair Corrected 87.1 ±0.1 87.5 ±0.5 Raw 87.1 ?7.1 87.? TempMap Interpolate point data into a complete temperature map republishing Image Recognition West L.A. Temperature Publishing Raw 87.1 ?7.1 87.? sensorbase republishing

14. Storage Alternatives Alternatives –copy source –uncompressed links –compressed links Small source, and data –Copying source works well –Uncompressed link is verbose, larger than data –With compression, cost equals copying source 14 Digit Repair (small source and republished data)

15. Benefits Depend the Size of Source Copying source is expensive when source is large Compressed link works well in all three cases 15 Repair with Image (large source and small republished data) TempMap (small source and large republished data)

16. Link Compression We showed that link compression is important, so what are the compression alternatives Compression Alternatives –no compression –per-link –Incremental Exploit redundancy across predecessor links 83% storage saving compared to no compression 16

17. Ease-of-use: Provenance Provenance extension –Sensorbase.org –predecessor links Easy source tracking –A simple click allow to track the source data 17 provenance a list of predecessor links source data provenance of the source data

18. Ease-of-use: Authorization Easy, user-centric, distributed access control 18 have an account? Yes No Generated a letter of reference (predecessor link, user account, target, user’s activities) If accessing source data requires an authentication

19. Conclusions Sensor republishing will become an important means to share sensor data New provenance for sensornet –Provenance via new linking scheme –Easy, user-centric, distributed access control –Compression makes the tuple-level provenance reasonable http://www.isi.edu/ilense/siss 19