1. Subclassing, pt. 2 Method overriding, virtual methods, abstract classes/methods COMP 401, Fall 2014 Lecture 9 9/16/2014

2. Subclassing So Far A subclass inherits implementation details from its superclass – Fields Direct access to public and protected fields No direct access to private fields – Methods Access to public and protected methods No access to private methods Subclass constructors – Should call superclass constructor with super() as first line. Or, chain to a different constructor Or, rely on implicit call to super() constructor with no parameters.

3. Subclass Method Polymorphism Subclass can overload methods in superclass. – Remember, overloading is providing a different version of an existing method. An example of polymorphism Method signature is different in some way. – lec09.ex1

4. Overriding Methods A subclass can “override” a super class method by providing its own definition. – Method signature must be the same. – Original method is visible from subclass i.e., public, protected, or package-level access lec09.ex2

5. @Override directive So what’s with the funny “@Override” line that Eclipse includes when generating a stub? – Known as a compiler “directive”. Completely optional, but useful – Indicates that the method is intended to override a superclass method. Compiler will complain if it does not detect a visible superclass or interface method with the same method signature. Helpful when you misspell a method name or attempt to override a method not visible to the subclass. lec09.ex3

6. Class Polymorphism Previously introduced the idea of “is-a” relationships – Between a class and interfaces implemented. – Between a class and its superclass hierarchy. This is also an example of polymorphism – Covariance Treating an instance of a subclass as a reference typed as the parent class. This can be typed checked at compile type. – Contravariance Treating a reference typed as the parent class as an instance of a subclass. Contravariance can not be type checked in advance at compile time. Fails if the object is actually “invariant” with respect to the subclass. lec09.ex4, lec09.ex4main – Also demonstrates protected base class constructor

7. A Covariant Conundrum Problem: – What should happen when an overridden method is called on a covariant reference? class A { public int m() {return 0;} } class B extends A { public int m() {return 1;} } class C extends B { public int m() {return 2;} } C c_obj = new C(); B b_obj = (B) c_obj; A a_obj = (A) c_obj; System.out.println(c_obj.m()); System.out.println(b_obj.m()); System.out.println(a_obj.m()); What should these lines print?

8. Solution 1: Non-virtual methods Let type of reference dictate which method definition is used. class A { public int m() {return 0;} } class B extends A { public int m() {return 1;} } class C extends B { public int m() {return 2;} } C c_obj = new C(); B b_obj = (B) c_obj; A a_obj = (A) c_obj; System.out.println(c_obj.m()); System.out.println(b_obj.m()); System.out.println(a_obj.m()); If methods are non-virtual then these lines expected to print: 2 1 0

9. Solution 2: Virtual methods Use method defined by the actual type of object (even if reference is covariant) class A { public int m() {return 0;} } class B extends A { public int m() {return 1;} } class C extends B { public int m() {return 2;} } C c_obj = new C(); B b_obj = (B) c_obj; A a_obj = (A) c_obj; System.out.println(c_obj.m()); System.out.println(b_obj.m()); System.out.println(a_obj.m()); With virtual methods, these lines expected to print: 2

10. Virtual Methods Different OOP languages choose to solve this problem in different ways. – C++, C# Default is non-virtual solution. Programmer can force virtual solution by marking a method with a special “virtual” keyword – Java Methods are always virtual. No special keyword needed. lec09.ex5

11. A virtual problem Drawback to the “always virtual” approach. – Consider the situation in which a subclass just needs a method to “do just a little more”. In other words, wants to execute a method as defined in the superclass and then tweak the result. Or maybe do something in advance of executing a method as defined in the superclass. – Because methods are always virtual, casting this reference to superclass in order to get to method as defined by the superclass won’t work. lec09.ex6 (won’t work)

12. It’s a bird, it’s a plane, it’s… … the super keyword. The super keyword provides exactly this ability to invoke methods on an instance as it is understood at the superclass. – Think of it as a version to “this” that is restricted to just what is provided by the superclass. Note: Only goes up one level in class hierarchy – Essentially suspending “virtualness” of methods. lec09.ex7

13. Whence inheritance Related classes with common internals – Common fields used as part of methods with a common implementation. – Note, not just common behavior Specialization of existing classes after the fact.

14. Inheritance Recap Subinterfacing – Adding methods to create a new “contract” Subclassing – Inherits fields and methods from parent class Visibility controlled by access modifier – Adds subclass specific fields and methods – Constructor relationship – Overloading parent methods Version of a method provided in subclass with different signatures than the version(s) in the parent class. – Overriding parent methods Subclass methods with same signature as in parent class. Always virtual – super keyword provides a mechanism to call parent class version of a method

15. Using inheritance Example starts with several related classes that are implemented independently. – BlackBear – PolarBear – Python – Robin – lec09.ex8.v1

16. Common behavior Refactor common behaviors into a common parent interface. – Animal interface – lec09.ex8.v2

17. Common object state Refactor common object fields into a common parent class – AnimalImpl Pull common fields id and location to here Need to make protected in order to allow subclass access. – lec09.ex8.v3

18. Common implementation Refactor common method implementations into parent class. – Use overriding if subclasses need to do something special or different. – AnimalImpl Constructor in parent class used by subclass constructor to initialize common fields at this level. getID() and getLocation() moved here Common portion of move() put here – Subclass-specific override of move – Calls common portion through super keyword – lec09.ex8.v4

19. Common behavior with uncommon implementation Notice speak() is a common behavior. – So we want it to be part of Animal interface That way if we can have a reference to an Animal object and ask it to speak() without having to know what subclass it is. But no common implementation. – Each subclass of animal will have a different way of speaking. – No good default or commonalities in way of speaking that can be specified at parent class.

20. Abstract Classes and Methods Parent class has no meaningful implementation of a method. – But method is part of an interface implemented by parent class – Expect subclass to provide it. – In these situations, we never expect (or want) the parent class to be instantiated directly. We always make new objects using a subclass. Syntax – Use “abstract” modifier when declaring parent class – Declare any methods that must be provided by subclass in parent Add “abstract” modifier to method signature. Follow signature with semicolon instead of method definition

21. Example Revisited AnimalImpl – Declare implementation of Animal here where it belongs since AnimalImpl is matching implementation. – Declare AnimalImpl as abstract Prevents direct instantiation – Declare speak() method as abstract No common implementation, but needs to be declared here as part of common interface. Declaring as abstract forces subclass to override. lec09.ex8.v5

22. Repeat Exercise with Bears lec09.ex8.v6 – Draws out common bear behavior into Bear interface and common bear implementation in BearImpl Bear extends Animal – Adds getColor() BearImpl extends AnimalImpl – Provides lumber(), trek(), move(), and speak(). – Declared abstract because subclass must provide getColor()