1. Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches

2. Unit Overview What is Psychology? Contemporary Psychology Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

3. What is Psychology?

4. Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology Ancient Greeks –Socrates; Philosopher/Teacher –Plato; Socrates’ student Mind is separate from body and continues after body dies Knowledge is born within us Derived principles by logic –Aristotle; Plato’s student, love of data Knowledge is NOT pre-existing but grows from experience Derived principles from observation

5. Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes Francis Bacon John Locke –Tabula Rasa (blank slate) Empiricism

6. Psychology’s Roots Psychological Science is Born Wilhelm Wundt (1879) –University of Leipzig; Wundt and psychology’s first graduate students studied the “atoms of the mind” by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany. – This work is considered the birth of psychology as we know it today. –Reaction time experiment

7. Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s Structure Edward Titchener –StructuralismStructuralism introspection

8. Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s Function William James – wrote an important 1890 psychology textbook. –FunctionalismFunctionalism –Mary Calkins APA’s first female president –Margaret Floy Washburn Experimental psychology

9. Psychological Science Develops Sigmund Freud emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.

10. Psychological Science Develops Behaviorism –John B. Watson –B.F. Skinner –“study of observable behavior”

11. Psychological Science Develops Humanistic psychology –Carl Rogers –Abraham Maslow Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance. Cognitive Neuroscience

12. Psychological Science Develops Psychology –Science –Behavior –Mental processes

13. Contemporary Psychology

14. Psychology’s Biggest Question Nature – Nurture Issue –Biology versus experience –History Greeks Rene Descartes Charles Darwin –Natural selectionNatural selection

15. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Levels of Analysis –Biological –Psychological –Social-cultural Biopsychosocial Approach

16. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

20. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives Biological psychology Evolutionary psychology Psychodynamic psychology Behavioral psychology Cognitive psychology Humanistic psychology Social-cultural psychology

21. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives

25. Psychology’s Perspectives Biological: How are messages transmitted within the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? To what extent are traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? Evolutionary: How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?

26. Psychology’s Perspectives Psychodynamic: How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as the disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?

27. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives

32. Psychological Perspectives Behavioral: How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the best way to alter our behavior, say, to lose weight or stop smoking? Cognitive: How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Solving Problems? Humanistic: How can we work toward fulfilling our potential? How can we overcome barriers to our personal growth?

33. Psychological Perspectives Social-cultural: How are we humans alike as members of one human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?

34. Psychology’s Subfields Psychometrics Basic Research –Developmental psychologyDevelopmental psychology –Educational psychologyEducational psychology –Personality psychologyPersonality psychology –Social psychologySocial psychology

35. Psychology’s Subfields Applied Research –Industrial/organizational psychologyIndustrial/organizational psychology –Human factors psychologyHuman factors psychology –Counseling psychologyCounseling psychology –Clinical psychologyClinical psychology –PsychiatryPsychiatry

36. Psychology’s Subfields: Research PsychologistWhat she does Biological Explore the links between brain and mind. Developmental Study changing abilities from womb to tomb. Cognitive Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. Personality Investigate our persistent traits. Social Explore how we view and affect one another.

37. Psychology’s Subfields: Research Data: APA 1997

38. Psychology’s Subfields: Applied PsychologistWhat she does Clinical Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Counseling Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. Educational Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.

39. Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Data: APA 1997

40. A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients. Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry

41. Tips for Studying Psychology SQ3R Study Tips –Distribute your study time –Learn to think critically –In class, listen actively –Overlearn –Be a smart test-taker

42. The End

43. Test Your Knowledge Link each of the statements regarding prosocial, or helping, behavior to the appropriate psychological perspective. 1.By helping each other, we are more likely to survive and reproduce. Evolutionary 2. A specific brain region underlies our experience of empathy for persons in distress. Biological

44. 3.Unconscious sexual motivation prompts our willingness to help others. Psychodynamic 4.We are most likely to help those we perceive as similar to ourselves and who we believe deserve our assistance. Cognitive 5.By helping others, we achieve a better sense of self-fulfillment. Humanistic

45. 6.The willingness of people to help varies greatly across the world’s societies. Social-cultural 7.Children who have been rewarded for helpful behavior are more likely to be helpful in future interpersonal interactions. Behavioral

46. The End

47. Division title (green print) subdivision title ( blue print) xxx –xxx

48. Division title (green print) subdivision title ( blue print) Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished

49. Definition Slide = add definition here

50. Definition Slides

51. Empiricism = the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.

52. Structuralism = an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.

53. Functionalism = a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

54. Experimental Psychology = the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.

55. Behaviorism = the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

56. Humanistic Psychology = historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth.

57. Cognitive Neuroscience = the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

58. Psychology = the science of behavior and mental processes.

59. Nature-Nurture Issue = the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

60. Natural Selection = the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

61. Levels of Analysis = the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social- cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

62. Biopsychosocial Approach = an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social- cultural levels of analysis.

63. Biological Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes.

64. Evolutionary Psychology = the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.

65. Psychodynamic Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.

66. Behavioral Psychology = the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.

67. Cognitive Psychology = the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

68. Social-Cultural Psychology = the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.

69. Psychometrics = the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.

70. Basic Research = pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

71. Developmental Psychology = the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

72. Educational Psychology = the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.

73. Personality Psychology = the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

74. Social Psychology = the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

75. Applied Research = scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

76. Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology = the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

77. Human Factors Psychology = the study of how people and machines interact resulting in the design of machines and environments.

78. Counseling Psychology = a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, and marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.

79. Clinical Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

80. Psychiatry = a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

81. SQ3R = a study method incorporating five steps; Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.