1. The Brain

2. Brain versus Computer (hardware) NumbersHuman brainVon Neumann computer # elements10 10 - 10 12 neurons10 7 - 10 8 transistors # connections / element10 4 - 10 3 10 switching frequency10 3 Hz10 9 Hz energy / operation10 -16 Joule10 -6 Joule power consumption10 Watt100 - 500 Watt reliability of elementslowreasonable reliability of systemhighreasonable

3. Brain versus Computer (information processing) FeaturesHuman BrainVon Neumann computer Data representationanalogdigital Memory localizationdistributedlocalized Controldistributedlocalized Processingparallelsequential Skill acquisitionlearningprogramming No memory management, No hardware/software/data distinction

4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MRI (fMRI) scanner Enables functional mapping Brain Activity mapping Fiber tracking and mapping

5. Fiber Tracking Uncinate Fasciculus Corpus Callosum & Cingulum Corona Radiata Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus

6. EEG Non Invasive, enables continuous monitoring. Epileptic Seizure detection Brain Computer Interface

7. Animal Hearing Frequencies

8. Big Brown Bat

10. Sonar Applications

11. Ultrasound is based on Sonar

12. Sonar Principle