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2. آشنایی با سیستم های آنالیز حرکت مدرس : الهام شیرزاد 2 کارگاه آموزشی 14 اسفندماه 1391

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4. برنامه کارگاه 10:30 – 9 : مروری بر تئوری 10:30 – 9 : مروری بر تئوری 11- 10:30: استراحت و امیدوارم پذیرایی ! 11- 10:30: استراحت و امیدوارم پذیرایی ! 12:30 – 11: اجرای آزمون آنالیز حرکت 12:30 – 11: اجرای آزمون آنالیز حرکت 13:30 – 12:30: نماز و ناهار ! 13:30 – 12:30: نماز و ناهار ! 14 – 13:30: ارائه برخی از فعالیت های انجام شده 14 – 13:30: ارائه برخی از فعالیت های انجام شده 14:30 – 14: پرسش و پاسخ. 14:30 – 14: پرسش و پاسخ. 4

5. Sports Biomechanics Movement Analysis 5 Technique Analysis Notational Analysis Notational Analysis Gait Analysis R. Bartlett, Sports Biomechanics, 2012.

6. Preparation stage Observation Stage Evaluation & Diagnosis Intervention Stage 6 Performance Analysis Repeat as necessary

7. مكانيك جسم صلب مكانيك سينتيك : - مطالعه نيروهايي كه موجب تغيير در حركت مي ‌ شوند سينماتيك : - توصيف حركت ديناميك : - حركت متغير ( شتابدار ( استاتيك : - سكون - سرعت ثابت

8. سينماتيك ( : ( KINEMATICS ـ سينماتيك شاخه اي از مكانيك كه در ارتباط با توصيف مؤلفه هاي زماني و مكاني حركت مي باشد. - The branch of mechanic s that deals with the description of the spatial and temporal components of motion.

9. سيستم تحليل حركت (MOTION ANALYSIS SYSTEM): Kinematic Analysis?Kinematic Analysis? Spatial & Temporal (no force) Spatial & Temporal (no force) displacement, velocity, acceleration & jerk displacement, velocity, acceleration & jerk linear & angular motion linear & angular motion

10. 2D or 3D Analysis Needed to reconstruct any movement not occurring in a single plane…(most motion) Needed to reconstruct any movement not occurring in a single plane…(most motion) –Particularly anything involving rotations

11. 11 Hardware Software

12. High Speed Cameras Calibration Frames

13. Joint Markers

15. 20072008 15

16. The frequency range needed to accurately describe a given physical activity (walking vs. running or jumping) The frequency range needed to accurately describe a given physical activity (walking vs. running or jumping) The nature of the physical variables to be measured (position & rotation vs. acceleration) The nature of the physical variables to be measured (position & rotation vs. acceleration) The environment in which the activity is performed (a clinical laboratory vs. an Olympic arena) The environment in which the activity is performed (a clinical laboratory vs. an Olympic arena) The number of limbs or joints to be studied The number of limbs or joints to be studied The accuracy & resolution needed for the measurement The accuracy & resolution needed for the measurement A measurement system selection 16

17. Measurement Techniques (1) Video Analysis 17

18. Video analysis is becoming one of the most widely used teaching tools for enhancing the performance of athletes. Video analysis is becoming one of the most widely used teaching tools for enhancing the performance of athletes. Currently, not all coaches are capable of using video analysis due to a number of factors which may include: Currently, not all coaches are capable of using video analysis due to a number of factors which may include: - lack of knowledge, - inadequate equipment, - unsure what to look for, - time restrictions, - lack of a support person, - environment, - level of athletes, etc. 18

19. The Evolution of Video Analysis Filming the event and developing the film is easy (although time consuming) compared to the digitizing process. Filming the event and developing the film is easy (although time consuming) compared to the digitizing process. Film analyzer were common in the 1970s Film analyzer were common in the 1970s An Example (a golf swing): An Example (a golf swing): - full body 3-D analysis (17 marker) - 4 camera system - 2 sec - 200 frame per sec 1 cursor-click per sec  7 hours of nonstop clicks 1 cursor-click per sec  7 hours of nonstop clicks The cursor was connected to a computer! The cursor was connected to a computer! 19

20. Qualitative vs. Quantitative Video Analysis Qualitative analysis: observation of video and diagnosis of particular aspects of technique. Qualitative analysis: observation of video and diagnosis of particular aspects of technique. (often dose not require any additional equipment) Quantitative analysis: requires kinematic information to be obtained from video. Quantitative analysis: requires kinematic information to be obtained from video. images to be stored in and displayed on a computer Are often combined (by coaches) Are often combined (by coaches) 20

21. High Speed Video Cameras - record more than 1000 images per sec - recording detail during rapid movement 21

22. Video Analysis Who will benefit from a video running analysis? Who will benefit from a video running analysis? Runners who want to ensure their running style is not conducive to injury Runners who want to ensure their running style is not conducive to injury Runners wanting to improve the effectiveness of their training and a faster race time Runners wanting to improve the effectiveness of their training and a faster race time Runners with back, hip, knee, ankle or foot pain Runners with back, hip, knee, ankle or foot pain Individuals with a family history of foot problems such as ‘flat feet’ Individuals with a family history of foot problems such as ‘flat feet’ Sports men and women in high impact sports such as tennis, football, rugby, hockey etc. where running is an integral part of the game. Sports men and women in high impact sports such as tennis, football, rugby, hockey etc. where running is an integral part of the game. 22

23. Video Analysis How does it work? Our sports physiotherapist will fully review your history and muscle strength. A video recording will then be made of you walking and running. With the aid of slow motion and freeze framing, it is possible to make an accurate assessment and diagnosis of any problem areas. Our sports physiotherapist will fully review your history and muscle strength. A video recording will then be made of you walking and running. With the aid of slow motion and freeze framing, it is possible to make an accurate assessment and diagnosis of any problem areas. If the problem is significant enough to contribute to current or future pain and injury, your physiotherapist will guide you on a suitable course of action. This usually involves: If the problem is significant enough to contribute to current or future pain and injury, your physiotherapist will guide you on a suitable course of action. This usually involves: - Adjustments to running technique - Individually designed exercise drills to stabilize the pelvis, hips, knees, ankles and feet - Expert footwear advice Video analysis of movement is used frequently in elite sport. Research shows that even at the highest level, one’s natural talent can only take an athlete so far, and movement analysis can be the difference between a fast and an even faster time or an injury and no injury. Video analysis of movement is used frequently in elite sport. Research shows that even at the highest level, one’s natural talent can only take an athlete so far, and movement analysis can be the difference between a fast and an even faster time or an injury and no injury. 23

24. Video Recording Procedures Same video format & camera settings for 2D or 3D Same video format & camera settings for 2D or 3D 2D analysis: 2D analysis: –Only one camera –Planar activities –Plane of motion coincides with photographic plane –(90 degrees to the optical axes of the camera) –An imaginary line passing through the middle of the lens 24

25. Video Recording Procedures 3D analysis: 3D analysis: –2 or more camera –Do not occur in a single plan 25

26. Video Recording Procedures 2D analysis: 2D analysis: –Camera, as far from the plane of motion as possible –To reduce the effect of perspective error –Required size: not be too large: cut some of the activity not be too small: individual can not be digitized correctly 26

27. Video Recording Procedures Perspective error: Perspective error: –Objects that are closer to the lens appear larger than … –Apparent shortening of body segments when they move out of the plane of motion. 27

28. Video Recording Procedures Perspective error: Perspective error: –Results in angle between segments, more obtuse 28

29. 2D Video Analysis Scaling: Scaling: - vertical & Horizontal scaling object (1m) - placed in the plane of motion - included in the field of view during recording Action occurs over a long path (long jump): Action occurs over a long path (long jump): - use a single camera - too small to be digitized accurately - a number of synchronized camera - their fields of view overlapping 29

30. 2D & 3D Video Analysis - rigid tripod, should not be moved during recording - information board (in the field of view): date, time, participant code, trial number, … - wear minimal & tight fitting clothing, contrasts - background: uncluttered & non-reflective - joint center marked on the skin 30

31. 3D Video Analysis - 2 or more camera - optical axes intersect at 90 degree (60-120) - timing device, within field of view of all camera - scaling, at least 6 control points - more than 6, more accurate reconstruction - for activities that occur in relatively small volume, calibration frame - removed frame 31

32. Digitizing 32

33. Digitizing system resolution - number of x & y coordinates that form the digitizing grid 33

34. Frame Rates 25–50 Hz – walking, swimming, stair climbing. 25–50 Hz – walking, swimming, stair climbing. 50–100 Hz – running, shot put, high jump. 50–100 Hz – running, shot put, high jump. 100–200 Hz – sprinting, javelin throwing, football kick. 100–200 Hz – sprinting, javelin throwing, football kick. 200–500 Hz – tennis serve, golf swing, fencing. 200–500 Hz – tennis serve, golf swing, fencing. a quantitative analysis of the interaction between the player’s foot and the ball during a football kick would require a frame rate above 1000 Hz, whereas a rate of 25 Hz would be more than adequate for determining the length of the final stride during the approach to the ball. 34

35. REPORTING A VIDEO MOTION ANALYSIS STUDY Participants Participant details (age, height, body mass, trained status etc.); Participant details (age, height, body mass, trained status etc.); Method of obtaining informed consent (verbal or written); Method of obtaining informed consent (verbal or written); Type of clothing worn, type and position of skin/other markers and the method of locating body landmarks. Type of clothing worn, type and position of skin/other markers and the method of locating body landmarks. 35

36. REPORTING A VIDEO MOTION ANALYSIS STUDY Video recording Camera and lens type (manufacturer and model) and the recording format and resolution Camera and lens type (manufacturer and model) and the recording format and resolution Camera settings (frame rate, shutter speed); Camera settings (frame rate, shutter speed); Position of camera(s) relative to the movement being recorded and the field width obtained from each camera (a diagram is useful here); Position of camera(s) relative to the movement being recorded and the field width obtained from each camera (a diagram is useful here); Method used to synchronise the cameras with each other (and with other data acquisition systems if used); Method used to synchronise the cameras with each other (and with other data acquisition systems if used); Details of lighting (e.g. position of floodlights); Details of lighting (e.g. position of floodlights); Dimensions of 2D scaling object(s) or 3D performance volume (including number and location of control points). Dimensions of 2D scaling object(s) or 3D performance volume (including number and location of control points). 36

37. REPORTING A VIDEO MOTION ANALYSIS STUDY Video digitizing Digitising hardware and software (manufacturer and model/version); Digitising hardware and software (manufacturer and model/version); Resolution of the digitising system; Resolution of the digitising system; 37

38. Measurement Techniques (2) Optoelectronic Motion Analysis (MOTION ANALYSIS USING ON-LINE SYSTEMS)

39. Optoelectronic Motion Analysis Reduce complexity of data collection & speed up the process Reduce complexity of data collection & speed up the process Automatically register the location of the targets in space Automatically register the location of the targets in space Sufficient number of cameras, 3D data Sufficient number of cameras, 3D data Passive System: Passive System: –A series of cameras project infra-red light onto reflective spheres (targets) –The reflected light is optically registered by the cameras and electronically converted to information registering the location of the targets in space Active System: Active System: –Uses cameras to receive signals produced by energized targets –Power source  extra weight & complexity to target set up

40. Active systems Hardwired or active marker systems are only appropriate for movements that are contained within a small volume and do not involve multiple twists and turns. Hardwired or active marker systems are only appropriate for movements that are contained within a small volume and do not involve multiple twists and turns.

41. Optoelectronic Motion Analysis In biomechanics, most passive system In biomechanics, most passive system Advantage: Advantage: ease of data collection Disadvantage: Disadvantage: cost of the camera & need for specialized software

42. Passive Optoelectronic Motion Analysis A basic hardware consideration is the number of cameras required to track the markers attached to your participants successfully. A basic hardware consideration is the number of cameras required to track the markers attached to your participants successfully. This will be based on both the number of markers that are attached to the participant and the complexity of the movements being performed. This will be based on both the number of markers that are attached to the participant and the complexity of the movements being performed. the greater the number of markers and the more complex the movement, the more cameras will be required to collect good quality data. the greater the number of markers and the more complex the movement, the more cameras will be required to collect good quality data. as the number of cameras increases, processing time and the cost of the system. as the number of cameras increases, processing time and the cost of the system.

43. Passive Optoelectronic Motion Analysis 3D system: 6-8 camera 3D system: 6-8 camera Targets: Targets: - polystyrene balls covered in reflective tape - any diameters depending on application - need to cover about 1/200 th of the field of view - 3m field of view, 15 mm target diameter - 3mm to 30mm (5-25)

44. Passive Optoelectronic Motion Analysis Camera: Camera: –Around the lens, series of infra-red light emitting diods –Cannot be seen  not affect the performer –Flash, reflected back, recorded by the sensitive chip within the camera –Makes an image for that flash –Sample rates: 240 Hz to 1000 Hz –Software, location coordinates –Images from all cameras, reconstructs –Each target, seen by min 2 cameras

45. Hardware set-up: Hardware set-up: selection of appropriate camera settings, determination of the optimal capture volume and location of the most suitable camera positions for the chosen volume within the constraints of the laboratory space available. Operational procedures

46. Determine the location and dimensions of the capture volume Determine the location and dimensions of the capture volume The size of the capture volume is a key consideration, since it affects the resolution of the system The field of view of each camera is composed of a fixed number of pixels, typically 640 rows by 480 columns, although high resolution camera systems have resolutions up to 2352 rows by 1728 columns of pixels. Operational procedures

47. Place cameras appropriately around the chosen capture volume Place cameras appropriately around the chosen capture volume - Wall-mounting of cameras - use of camera tripods (flexibility) - tracks around the walls of a laboratory, along which the cameras can be moved horizontally and vertically. disadvantage: cameras cannot be brought any closer to the capture volume to maximise system resolution. Operational procedures

48. Ensure ‘dead space’ in each camera’s field of view is minimised Ensure ‘dead space’ in each camera’s field of view is minimised Check for stray reflections in each camera’s field of view Check for stray reflections in each camera’s field of view Operational procedures

49. Calibration Calibration - space, performer operates, before use - manufacturer, own system of calibration - common method, place a calibration object on the floor in the movement volume - Calibration should be done before every data collection session, even if the cameras are wall- mounted and do not appear to move between sessions.

50. Operational procedures Target sets & biomechanical models Target sets & biomechanical models - different target set, different application - general whole body human movement analysis A minimum of three non-collinear markers is required per rigid segment for three-dimensional analysis

51. Marker set Each marker must be seen by at least two cameras at every instant during data recording Each marker must be seen by at least two cameras at every instant during data recording Determine the type of marker set that is most appropriate for your study Determine the type of marker set that is most appropriate for your study Use the standard clinical gait analysis marker set Use the standard clinical gait analysis marker set Design a custom marker set Design a custom marker set Consider marker size Consider marker size Use an appropriate method of marker attachment: Use an appropriate method of marker attachment: - fast and easy - remain secure for the duration of data collection. - directly on the skin is preferable - Double sided tape

52. Operational procedures Calculation of kinematic variables Calculation of kinematic variables - main purpose: obtain 3D coordinates of each target as a function of time. Other applications Other applications - other instruments integrated into the data collection system - common addition: force plate - to be synchronized

53. Issues to consider when comparing systems or determining your laboratory’s requirements include: type of system; for example, passive or active markers type of system; for example, passive or active markers range of sampling frequencies range of sampling frequencies number of cameras that can link to a system number of cameras that can link to a system maximum camera resolution maximum camera resolution type of lighting provided; for example, visible or infra red type of lighting provided; for example, visible or infra red type and range of lens options type and range of lens options minimum useful marker size; for example, in a full body volume minimum useful marker size; for example, in a full body volume real time capability real time capability ability to synchronize other hardware and number of analogue channels ability to synchronize other hardware and number of analogue channels available; for example, force plate, EMG calibration method; for example, cube or wand calibration method; for example, cube or wand output file format; for example, c3d, ASCII or binary output file format; for example, c3d, ASCII or binary software availability; for example, gait analysis, research software availability; for example, gait analysis, research service and support options service and support options typical price: low, medium or high range typical price: low, medium or high range

54. ON-LINE MOTION ANALYSIS SYSTEM MANUFACTURERS AND THEIR WEBSITES Charnwood Dynamics www.charndyn.com Charnwood Dynamics www.charndyn.com Elite Biomechanics www.bts.it Elite Biomechanics www.bts.it Motion Analysis Corporation www.motionanalysis.com Motion Analysis Corporation www.motionanalysis.com Northern Digital Inc. www.ndigital.com Northern Digital Inc. www.ndigital.com Peak Performance Technologies www.peakperform.com Peak Performance Technologies www.peakperform.com Qualisys Medical AB www.qualysis.com Qualisys Medical AB www.qualysis.com Skill Technologies Inc. www.skilltechnologies.com Skill Technologies Inc. www.skilltechnologies.com Vicon Motion Systems www.vicon.com Vicon Motion Systems www.vicon.com Biomechanics Yellow Pages Motion Capture & Analysis.mht Biomechanics Yellow Pages Motion Capture & Analysis.mht

55. 55 تجهیزات آنالیز حرکت موجود در کشور تجهیزات آنالیز حرکت موجود در کشور

56. 56 Motion Analysis, 6 Cam, 1200Hz کرمان SIMI Motion, 2 Cam, 2D بیرجند + 2 Cam پایگاه قهرمانی اصفهان دانشگاه فردوسی + پژوهشگاه 3D مشهد SIMI Motion سبزوار Vicon or Motion Analysis! مازندران Vicon, 6 Cam, 3D گیلان Motion Analysis, 1 Cam همدان آکادمی ملی المپیک، بهزیستی، توانبخشی، امیرکبیر، شریف، تهران، کلینیک مهندسی ورزش و سلامت تهران

57. Sports Biomechanics : How to Improve Performance & Reduce Injuries