1. Vertebral Column, Spinal Cord & Nerves George Salter, PH
Vertebral Column, Spinal Cord & Nerves George Salter, PH.D Dental and Optometry--2009

2. The nervous system consists of the CNS- brain and spinal cord &
The PNS which is
= to everything
else
Lumbar Plexus

5. Body Pedicle Lamina Processes: Transverse (2) Articular (4)
Spinous (1)
Pedicle
Lamina

6. Boundaries of vertebral foramen
Lamina

7. Spina Bifida

8. Typical intervertebral joints 3 between adjacent vertebrae
2 facet joints
1 symphysis (disc)
3 between adjacent vertebrae
Superior articular
process
Facet joint
(zygapophysis)
Intervertebral
disc
Inferior articular
process
Intervertebral
foramen

9. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
Transverse
Process:
With Foramen
& Tubercles
Bifid Spinous
Process

10. Uncinate Process

11. Of
Luschka -

12. Ligaments Ligamentum Flavum
Interspinous & Supraspinous & Ligamentum Nuchae
Anterior Longitudinal
Posterior Longitudinal
Atlanto-occipital

13. supraspinous ligament
Interspinous Lig
supraspinous ligament
Ligamentum Flavum

14. nuchal ligament C7

15. Anterior
Longitudinal
Ligament
(ALL)
Posterior
(PLL)

16. PLL
Pedicle

17. AOM
PAO
LIG. FLAVUM
ALL

18. SPINAL CORD & NERVES

20. 31 PAIR OF SPINAL NERVES: 8 CERVICAL; 12 THORACIC 5 LUMBAR 5 SACRAL
1 COCCYGEAL
Spinal cord segment definintion
Spinal Cord segments
correspond to vertebral
column segments

21. Lumbosacral enlargement (cord segments L2 – S3)
1st cervical n. (C1)
exits above C1 vertebra
Base of skull
Cervical enlargement
(cord segments C4 – T1)
8th cervical n.
exits below C7 vertebra
Cervical nerves
Thoracic nerves
Thoracic nerves
Lumbar nerves
Sacral & coccygeal nerves
Lumbosacral enlargement
(cord segments L2 – S3)
Conus medullaris (termination of cord)
1. The spinal cord extends from the f. magnum at the base of the skull (where it is continuous w/the medulla of the brain) to the LV1/LV2 level.
2. There are 31 prs. of spinal nerves (8C., 12T,5L,5S, & 1Co). The part of the cord to which a pair of spinal nerves attaches is a spinal cord segment
(hence there are also 31 spinal cord segments).
3. CN1-CN7 emerge superior to their respective vertebrae (ie, CN1 exits above CV1 and below skull).
CN8 emerges between C7 & T1 vertebrae.
Beginning w/T1 spinal nerve, spinal nerves emerge inferior to their respective vertebrae.
4. Since the cord ends at LV1/LV2, the roots of the spinal nerves become increasingly longer and more oblique as they descend to exit their respective
foramina. Hence the formation of the cauda equina.
5. The spinal cord shows two enlargements (cervical and lumbosacral) for the origin of the nerves innervating the upper and lower limbs.
6. The tapered terminal part of the spinal cord is the conus medullaris. Distal to the conus the cord is prolonged as a nonnervous strand of tissue
(pia mater) termed the internal filum terminale.
7. Also note that the dural sac surrounding the cord ends at SV2.
Cauda equina
Internal filum terminale
of pia mater
Termination of dural sac

23. Spinal Cord is shorter than
vertebral column

25. The nervous system consists of the CNS- brain and spinal cord &
The PNS which is
= to everything
else
Lumbar Plexus

27. Additional terms:
Cutaneous Brs. &
sympathetic trunk
& its communicating
branches (rami
communicantes)

29. Boundaries of
intervertebral
foramen

31. MENINGES: Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater

33. Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater Dura Mater=Pachymenix Arachnoid and Pia =Leptomeninges

36. “MENINGEAL SPACES”
Epidural---between vertebra and dura mater and contains fat and epidural (internal) vertebral plexus
Subdural---only a potential space
Subarachnoid---contains a web-like connective tissue plexus AND cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plus vessels and spinal nerve rootlets

37. Subarachnoid
Subdural
&
Epidural
SPACES

38. Spinal Cord ends at one level & meninges at another
1st cervical n. (C1)
exits above C1 vertebra
Base of skull
Cervical enlargement
(cord segments C4 – T1)
8th cervical n.
exits below C7 vertebra
Cervical nerves
Thoracic nerves
Thoracic nerves
Lumbar nerves
Sacral & coccygeal nerves
Lumbosacral enlargement
(cord segments L2 – S3)
Conus medullaris (termination of cord)
1. The spinal cord extends from the f. magnum at the base of the skull (where it is continuous w/the medulla of the brain) to the LV1/LV2 level.
2. There are 31 prs. of spinal nerves (8C., 12T,5L,5S, & 1Co). The part of the cord to which a pair of spinal nerves attaches is a spinal cord segment
(hence there are also 31 spinal cord segments).
3. CN1-CN7 emerge superior to their respective vertebrae (ie, CN1 exits above CV1 and below skull).
CN8 emerges between C7 & T1 vertebrae.
Beginning w/T1 spinal nerve, spinal nerves emerge inferior to their respective vertebrae.
4. Since the cord ends at LV1/LV2, the roots of the spinal nerves become increasingly longer and more oblique as they descend to exit their respective
foramina. Hence the formation of the cauda equina.
5. The spinal cord shows two enlargements (cervical and lumbosacral) for the origin of the nerves innervating the upper and lower limbs.
6. The tapered terminal part of the spinal cord is the conus medullaris. Distal to the conus the cord is prolonged as a nonnervous strand of tissue
(pia mater) termed the internal filum terminale.
7. Also note that the dural sac surrounding the cord ends at SV2.
Cauda equina
Internal filum terminale
of pia mater
Spinal Cord ends
at one level &
meninges
at another
Termination of dural sac

42. WHAT
ELSE
PASSES
THROUGH
INTER-
VERTEBRAL
FORAMEN?

44. Intervertebral discs

46. Position of
Spinal nerve
in interver-
tebral foramen

48. DERMATOME- STRIP OF SKIN SUPPLIED BY A PAIR OF DORSAL ROOTS

49. S1

50. A Typical
Spinal
Nerve

51. FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF SPINAL NERVES

54. All Spinal nerves have ______ functional components. All are general
All Spinal nerves have ______ functional components? All are general. When talking about the cranial nerves and their functional components, one has to take all the possible spinal nerve functional components and add the possibility of three more. NOW REMEMBER, all spinal nerves have both sensory and motor fibers in them, but some of the cranial nerves are, indeed mixed, but some are totally sensory and some totally motor. The additional 3 functional components are designated special instead of general.

55. Back Muscles Superficial: Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi, Levator Scapulae, Rhomboids, Serratus Muscles
Native (or Deep) :
Splenius
Erector Spinae
Transversospinalis
Other: interspinalis, intertransversarium, levator costarum, suboccipital muscles

57. VA

59. Greater Occipital Nerve
Suboccipital
Nerve

60. VA

61. THE END