1. Perception, the Brain, and Consciousness Minds and Machines

2. Our Eyes as a Window to the World

3. The Myth of ‘Perfect’ Perception The myth of perception is that as long as: –Our eyes are functioning properly –We’re not wearing rose-colored glasses –We’re not drugged –We’re not subjected to some visual illusion –We’re not in the Matrix –… (other exceptional/rare situations) … we perceive the world exactly as it is. Wrong!

4. Our Senses are Limited Our eyes only perceive a very small part of the electromagnetic spectrum; we don’t see infrared, ultraviolet, X-Rays, Gamma-Rays, Micro-waves, Radio-Waves, etc. Similar for our other senses. OK, but what we do perceive, is still exactly as it is, right? Wrong!

5. The Checker Board Shadow Illusion A B

6. A B

7. Which Perception is ‘Correct’? But is it wrong to perceive A to be darker than B? If it is a chess board, then A really is darker than B in some real physical sense, even if the raw stimulus happens to be the same. And that’s just it: perception is an interpretation of the raw sensory stimuli. Perception = f(sensory stimuli)

8. Perception as an Inversion Problem We can look at perception as an inversion problem: our mind/brain has to figure out what is going on in the world ‘out there’, given the raw incoming sensory stimuli. But this inversion problem is inherently underspecified: that is, at all times, an infinite number of scenarios can produce the incoming sensory stimuli we get. Hence, we have to make a guess, i.e. perception is inherently inferential (and non-deductively so!)

9. XX The Blind Spot

10. Color Contrast A B

11. Devils, Angels, Aliens, Jesus, Mary, and … Illinois! Jesus Mary Devil Man on Mars Cranky Guy Angel

12. Expectations, Fears, and Wishes What we perceive is effected by: –Our expectations Corridor Experiment –Our fears Person in the shadow –Our wishes St. Nick –And probably many other states of mind

13. Summary: Perception is Constructive! At all times, how we perceive things is a construction of our mind (brain). Perception = f(raw sensory input, attention, beliefs, expectations, …) A very complex function! It is estimated that about a third of our brain is dedicated to visual processing alone!

14. Why Perception Doesn’t Feel Constructive Two big reasons: –We are, under normal circumstances, getting a lot ‘right’ I rarely get contradicted in my constructions of reality and how I subsequently act on that –We consistently perceive the world in the same way (i.e. we’re stuck in Plato’s cave) But what if things go wrong? –Video discusses interesting cases of brain damage revealing pretty strange perceptions

15. Some Philosophical Questions Is the ‘self’ a mere perception? So what are things really like? –How is knowledge and science possible? How do I know what it is that you perceive? –Do you have any conscious perceptions? –Do animals and machines have any conscious perceptions?

16. Perception of ‘Self’ We don’t just perceive the outside world. We also perceive things about our self –Interoception (hunger, pain) –Proprioception (balance, body posture) But again, what we perceive about our self is a construction of our self –Video: Phantom Limb Syndrome –Video: God Syndrome Is the self a mere construct?

17. What is Really out there? ? I see a tree

18. What do You See? ? I see a tree

19. Invertoids ? I see a tree

20. Weirdoids I see a tree

21. Who’s the Invertoid? ? I see a tree

22. ‘Publicly Observable’ 1 tree E = mc 2 !

23. The Puzzle of Consciousness Some brain activity ‘leads to’ conscious experiences, but other activity does not. Why? Indeed, if we can process so much visual information unconsciously, why do we have any conscious visual experiences at all??

24. Zombies I see a tree!

25. The Zombie Paradox I have a conscious experience of seeing a tree

26. Blindsight I don’t have any conscious experience, but I think there is a tree

27. Blindsight and Animal Consciousness Blindsight is often explained by pointing to the fact that there are two neural pathways from our eyes to our visual processing centers in (the back of!) our brain: one evolutionary old pathway (through the brain stem), and one new (through the thalamus) Does this mean that animals without the new pathway do not have conscious experiences? And again, why does one pathway lead to conscious experiences and the other not?

28. Materialist Theories of Consciousness Consciousness is: –quantum collapses in microtubules internal to neurons (Penrose, Hameroff) –thalamically modulated patterns of cortical activation (Llinas) –left hemisphere based interpretative processes (Gazzaniga) –emotive somatosensory hemostatic processes based in the frontal- limbic nexus (Damasio) –synchronous neural oscillations at 40-70Hz (Crick, Koch) –spatiotemporal patterns in electro-magnetic field produced by brain (McFadden, Pockett) –global workspace of cognitive activity (Baars) –integrated information (Tononi)