1. More on Ions

2. Achieving Noble Gas Electron Configuration
Record into your notes
Achieving Noble Gas Electron Configuration
An ion forms when an atom
loses electrons (OIL, oxidation) or gains electrons (RIG, reduction) to achieve noble gas electron configuration
Recognize the appearance of Bohr’s Model after an atom loses or gains electrons to form ions and/or how two atom share their electrons covalently to achieve noble gas electron configuration.

3. Ionic Structure • • • • [Na]1+ • • • • [Mg]2+
Supplemental packet page 50
Ionic Structure
sodium-23 ion Na 11
• • •
metal cation
positive ion
1+ charge
combines w/
anions • 11 12 10
More protons than
electrons
[Na]1+
1s2 2s p s0
magnesium-24 ion Mg 12
• • •
metal cation
positive ion
2+ charge
combines w/
anions • 12 10
More protons than
electrons
[Mg]2+
1s2 2s p s0

4. [ ]1- [ ]2- Ionic Structure • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Cl [Na]1+ • •
Supplemental packet page 50
Ionic Structure •
• •
sodium-23 ion Na 11
• • •
chloride-35 ion Cl 17
• • •
metal cation
positive ion
1+ charge
combines w/
anions
nonmetal anion
negative ion
1- charge
combines w/
cations • • 11 12 10
More protons than
electrons 17 18
More electrons than
protons •
• • Cl
[ ]1-
[Na]1+
1s2 2s p s0
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
magnesium-24 ion Mg 12
• • •
metal cation
positive ion
2+ charge
combines w/
anions
• • •
oxygen-16 ion O 8
16 2-
nonmetal anion
negative ion
2- charge
combines w/
cations • • 12 10 8 10
More protons than
electrons
More electrons than
protons •
• • O
[ ]2-
[Mg]2+
1s2 2s p s2
1s2 2s p s0

5. Please note the movement of the red colored valence (outermost) electron on sodium. It is transferred over to the fluorine atom.
Bohr Models
Lewis dot structures

6. Please note the movement of the red colored valence (outermost) electron on the 1) _______ atom. It is transferred over to the 2) ________ atom.
Fill in the blanks
ANS. 1)Mg, 2)Cl

7. Record into your notes
Ions isoelectronic (“same electronic configuration”) with noble gases •
• • Cl
[ ]1-
[Na]1+
[Ne]
[Ar]
1s2 2s p6
1s2 2s p s2 3p6 •
• • O
[ ]2-
[Mg]2+
[Ne]
[Ne]

8. nonmetals gain just enough electrons to achieve noble gas
Please note the addition of the red colored valence (outermost) electrons to each atom listed. Recognize boron, B, is a semimetal, not a nonmetal.
Draw the following into your notes opposite page 64
nonmetals gain just enough electrons to achieve noble gas
e- configuration of the noble gas in their period (row)
semimetal
nonmetals ions • • • • • • • • • •
C 4 –
carbide ion
N 3–
nitride ion
O 2–
oxide ion
F –
fluoride ion
Please Note: the nonmetals like to gain electrons & the stability of these
ions is associated with 8 valence electrons (an octet)

9. Chapter 5 - Introduction to Chemical Bonding

10. Electrostatic attractions Electrostatic repulsions
Ions isoelectronic (“same electronic configuration”) with noble gases •
• • Cl
[ ]1-
[Na]1+
Electrostatic attractions
Opposites attract
[Ne]
[Ar]
Electrostatic repulsions
Like charges repel •
• • O
[ ]2-
[Mg]2+
[Ne]
[Ne]

11. Ionic Bonding (transferring electrons to achieve noble gas electron configuration)
1.Opposites attract (cation attracts an anion)
2.Brought together by electrostatics
3.Ions coming together to balance charge •
• • Cl
[ ]1-
[Na]1+ •
• • Cl
[ ]1- •
• • Cl
[ ]1-
sodium chloride
[Mg]2+ •
• • O
[ ]2-
magnesium chloride
[Mg]2+
magnesium oxide

12. Looking ahead to Chapter 6
Covalent Bonding (sharing electrons to achieve noble gas electron configuration)
1. Bonding for FONCl BrISCH nonmetals
2. Brought together by sharing of electrons
3. Achieving an OCTET of valence electrons
versus Chapter 5 - Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bonding (transferring electrons to achieve noble gas electron configuration)
1. Opposites attract (cation attracts an anion)
2. Brought together by electrostatics
3. Ions coming together to balance charge

13. Looking ahead to Chapter 6
Please note the addition of the red colored valence (outermost) electron by the in coming hydrogen atom which will be shared by both atoms.
Covalent Bonding (sharing electrons to achieve noble gas electron configuration)
nonmetals bond to hydrogen to achieve noble gas e- configuration
of the noble gas in their period (row) • H
Addition of hydrogen
Achieving an OCTET valence • H • H • H • H • H • H • H • H • H • H
CH4
methane gas
NH3
ammonia gas
H2O
water HF
hydrogen
fluoride
molecules of nonmetals hydrides
Looking ahead to Chapter 6

14. [ ]1- •• •• • •• • •• •• • •• • [Na]1+ Ionic substances
Supplemental packet page 64 •
• • Cl
[ ]1- •• •• • •• •
molecules of nonmetals hydrides •• •• • •• •

15. Supplemental packet page 64
To these molecules,
Add missing
nonbonding pair of electrons

16. Favorite bonding modes for nonmetals C, N,O, halogen, H
(2) (1)
(4) (3)
•N O , nitrogen and oxygen may
have variable number of bonds
C N O F H
•Know the preferred total number
of bonds to these elements

17. Ideal bonding for carbon = Four bonds to carbon - Four bonding modes
Supplemental packet page 68
valence
shell
electron
pair
repulsion
Ideal bonding for carbon = Four bonds to carbon - Four bonding modes
104.5
107.5
109.5
109.5
120
q<120
120
180
180
tetrahedral
trigonal planar
linear
Ideal bonding angles for carbon
pyramidal or
trigonal pyramid
bent
Bond angles are less than ideal angle
Electron pair occupies a lot of space &
is held close to nucleus of central atom