1. Announcement Course Exam November 3rd In class: 90 minutes long Examples will be posted on the course website

2. Announcement -Project 1 Due This Thursday - Course Exam is on November 3rd In class: 90 minutes long Examples are posted on the course website

3. Lecture Objectives: Learn about weather files (TMY) Discuss Modeling steps Learning about QUEST and other software

4. Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) Collation of one year weather data for a specific location Generated from a historic data to represent typical year Not an average year! It contains real data. 1990 1991 1993 1993 1994 1995 1996 …. 2000 2001 ….. 2005 JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayDecember Most typical moth …..

5. What is in TMY http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/1991-2005/tmy3/by_state_and_city.html

6. TMYs Data sets TMY –Generated in 1981 for 26 U.S. locations for the period of 1952 to 1975 TMY2 –In 1990 reformatted and expanded to larger number of location. Also updated to reflect 1961-1990 TMY3 –In 2005 with greater emphasis on solar radiation data as well as the inclusion of precipitation data. –Include data for ~ 2,500 locations primarily in the United States and Europe, but also world wide. –http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/1991-2005/tmy3/http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/1991-2005/tmy3/ –http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/43156.pdfhttp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/43156.pdf TMY4 –is coming soon (an update for the changing climate)

7. Modeling

10. 1) External wall (north) node 2) Internal wall (north) node Q solar =  solar ·(I dif +I DIR ) A Q solar +C 1 ·A(T sky 4 - T north_o 4 )+ C 2 ·A(T ground 4 - T north_o 4 )+h ext A(T air_out -T north_o )=Ak/  (T north_o -T north_in ) C 1 =  sky ·  surface  long_wave ·  ·F surf_sky Q solar_to int surf =  portion of transmitted solar radiation that is absorbed by internal surface C 3 A(T north_in 4 - T internal_surf 4 )+C 4 A(T north_in 4 - T west_in 4 )+ h int A(T north_in -T air_in )= =kA(T north_out-- T north_in )+Q solar_to_int_ considered _surf C 3 =  niort_in ·  ·  north_in_to_ internal surface for homework assume  ij  F ij  i A- wall area [m 2 ]  - wall thickness [m] k – conductivity [W/mK]  - emissivity [0-1]  - absorbance [0-1]  =  - for radiative-gray surface,  sky =1,  ground =0.95 F ij – view (shape) factor [0-1] h – external convection [W/m 2 K] s – Stefan-Boltzmann constant [5.67 10 -8 W/m 2 K 4 ] C 2 =  ground ·  surface  long_wave ·  ·F surf_ground

11. Matrix equation M × t = f for each time step b 1 T 1  +  +c 1 T 2  +  =f(T air,T 1 ,T 2  ) a 2 T 1  +  b 2 T 2  +  +c 2 T 3  +  =f(T 1 ,T 2 , T 3  ) a 3 T 2  +  b 3 T 3  +  +c 3 T 4  +  =f(T 2 ,T 3 , T 4  ) a 6 T 5  +  b 6 T 6  +  =f(T 5 ,T 6 , T air ) ……………………………….. M × t = f Modeling

13. Modeling steps Define the domain Analyze the most important phenomena and define the most important elements Discretize the elements and define the connection Write the energy and mass balance equations Solve the equations (use numeric methods or solver) Present the result

14. Structure of ES programs Solver Interface for input data Graphical User Interface (GUI) Interface for result presentation Preprocessor Engine Preprocessor ASCI file ASCI file

15. Modeling steps Define the domain Analyze the most important phenomena and define the most important elements Discretize the elements and define the connection Write energy and mass balance equations Solve the equations Present the result ES program Preprocessor Solver Postprocessor

16. ES programs Large variety http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory DOE2 eQUEST (DOE2) BLAST ESPr TRNSYS EnergyPlus (DOE2 & BLAST)

17. eQUEST (DOE2) US Department of Energy & California utility customers eQUEST - interface for the DOE-2 solver DOE-2 - one of the most widely used ES program - recognized as the industry standard eQUEST very user friendly interface Good for life-cycle cost and parametric analyses Not very large capabilities for modeling of different HVAC systems Many simplified models Certain limitations related to research application - no capabilities for detailed modeling

18. eQUEST Download it at http://doe2.com/equest/http://doe2.com/equest/ Examples related to: –Defining envelope and internal loads –Selecting HVAC system –Presenting results –Finding design cooling and heating loads – Extracting simulation detail

19. ESPr University of Strathclyde - Glasgow, Scotland, UK Detailed models – Research program Use finite difference method for conduction Simulate actual physical systems Enable integrated performance assessments Includes daylight utilization, natural ventilation, airflow modeling CFD, various HVAC and control models Detail model – require highly educated users Primarily for use with UNIX operating systems

20. ESPr University of Strathclyde - Glasgow, Scotland, UK Detailed models – Research program

21. TRNSYS Solar Energy Lab - University of Wisconsin Modular system approach One of the most flexible tools available A library of components Various building models including HVAC Specialized for renewable energy and emerging technologies User must provide detailed information about the building and systems Not free

22. Component-based simulation programs - Trnsys

23. EnergyPlus U S Department of Energy Newest generation building energy simulation program ( BLAST + DOE-2) Accurate and detailed Complex modeling capabilities Large variety of HVAC models Some integration wit the airflow programs Zonal models and CFD Detail model – require highly educated users Very modest interface Third party interface – very costly

24. EnergyPlus

25. eQUEST Download it at: –http://www.doe2.com/equest/http://www.doe2.com/equest/ Start working on Project 1

26. eQUEST HVAC Models Predefined configuration (no change) Divided according to the cooling and heating sources Details in e quest help file: For example: DX CoilsNo Heating –Packaged Single Zone DX (no heating) Packaged single zone air conditioner with no heating capacity, typically with ductwork. –Split System Single Zone DX (no heating) Central single zone air conditioner with no heating, typically with ductwork. System has indoor fan and cooling coil and remote compressor/condensing unit. –Packaged Terminal AC (no heating) Packaged terminal air conditioning unit with no heating and no ductwork. Unit may be window or through-wall mounted. –Packaged VAV (no heating) DX CoilsFurnace Packaged direct expansion cooling system with no heating capacity. System includes a variable volume, single duct fan/distribution system serving multiple zones each with it's own thermostatic control. –Packaged Single Zone DX with Furnace Central packaged single zone air conditioner with combustion furnace, typically with ductwork. –Split System Single Zone DX with Furnace Central single zone air conditioner with combustion furnace, typically with ductwork. System has indoor fan and cooling coil and remote compressor/condensing unit. –Packaged Multizone with Furnace Packaged direct expansion cooling system with combustion furnace. System includes a constant volume fan/distribution system serving multiple zones, each with its own thermostat. Warm and cold air are mixed for each zone to meet thermostat control requirements.

27. Building HVAC Systems (Primary and Secondary Building Systems) AHU Building envelope Cooling (chiller) (or Gas) Electricity Gas Heating (boilers) Fresh air For ventilation Distribution systems Air transport Secondary systems Primary systems AHU – Air Handling Unit HVAC systems affect the energy efficiency of the building as much as the building envelope

28. Integration of HVAC and building physics models Building Heating/Cooling System Plant Building Heating/Cooling System Plant Load System Plant model Integrated models Q buiolding Q including Ventilation and Dehumidification

29. Example of System Models: Schematic of simple air handling unit (AHU) m - mass flow rate [kg/s], T – temperature [C], w [kg moist /kg dry air ], r - recirculation rate [-], Q energy/time [W] Mixing box