1. Animal Navigation

2. Point toward your home ?? ? ?

3. The red star represents the capture location of this eel in the SLE while it was performing its downstream migration. The magenta triangle represents the release location after tagging. The black dots are the mean reconstructed daily locations and the magenta line is the corresponding mean trajectory. A colour gradient is used to show the temporal dimension of the reconstructed trajectory (each day is represented by a colour). The range of potential daily locations is lowest for days 19–33. Béguer-Pon M. et al. (2015) Direct observations of American eels migrating across the continental shelf to the Sargasso Sea. Nature Communications 6, 8705

4. Early displacement experiments Leach’s Storm Petrel

5. ? ? ? ?

9. Gagliardo A et al. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:2798-2805 unmanipulated control birds birds with magnets anosmic birds Homing paths of Cory’s Shearwaters

10. Manx Shearwater

11. 3200 miles in 12 days (250 mi/day) Manx Shearwater

12. Small birds feed by day and migrate at night

13. Small birds feed by day and migrate at night

14. Small birds feed by day and migrate at night

15. White-crowned Sparrow

16. ADULTS JUVENILES White-crowned Sparrow

18. spiny lobsters walk home

21. How about Cataglyphys desert ants ?

22. ∂

23. ∂

24. Dancing with the stars Are we better than ants?

25. Animals have compasses

26. Outdoors

27. No stars

28. Planetarium

29. (no motion)

30. Planetarium Reversed Planetarium Reversed Planetarium

31. star donut

33. Polarized light at sunset on a cloudy day sun’s location behind clouds

34. sun’s location behind clouds Polarized light at sunset on a cloudy day

35. (yes – with “sky stones”)

36. Vanishing bearings on an overcast day HOME LOFT Homing pigeons can find home without seeing the sun

37. on an overcast day, MAGNETISM matters! Sunny dayOvercast day HOME LOFT HOME LOFT Magnetic Coil

38. (azimuth compass) Understanding the Earth’s magnetic field

39. (azimuth compass) Animals sense the “dip” angle… maximum dip = North

40. Magnetite-coupled nerves in beaks of pigeons

41. 1) Knock out the magneto-receptive neurons

42. 1) Knock out the magneto-receptive neurons 2) See how they orient

43. 1) Knock out the magneto-receptive neurons 2) See how they orient

44. Magnetoreception.The lagena in the inner ear is a candidate site of the magnetic sensory organ in the pigeon. M Winklhofer Science 2012;336:991-992 Published by AAAS

45. Fig. 2 Recording site verification and c-Fos expression in response to magnetic field stimulation. L Wu, and J D Dickman Science 2012;336:1054-1057 Published by AAAS

46. Seeing magnetism with CRYPTOCHROMES

47. Red – Green +

48. Flavin cycle of cryptochrome. Nießner C et al. J Exp Biol 2014;217:4221-4224 ©2014 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

49. Orientation behaviour of European robins in light of different wavelengths after being kept in total darkness for 1 h. Wiltschko R et al. J Exp Biol 2014;217:4225-4228 ©2014 by The Company of Biologists Ltd

50. Sunset direction (polarized sky) Star + clock compass Magnetic inclination compass Birds cross-calibrate their multiple compass systems at sunset magnetite or cryptochrome

51. Normal Didn’t see sunset Night 2 Multi-compass cross-calibration sunset x stars

52. Birds smell

54. Orientation requires more than a simple compass – You have to know where you are relative to where you want to be

55. Dodging the Virtual Mediterranean Pied Flycatcher Natural Magnetic Field of Germany

56. Dodging the Virtual Mediterranean Natural Magnetic Field of Germany Simulated Magnetic Fields Simulated Magnetic Field of Germany

57. Dodging the Virtual Mediterranean Natural Magnetic Field of Germany Simulated Magnetic Field of Germany Simulated Magnetic Fields these birds are clueless

58. Dodging the Virtual Mediterranean Natural Magnetic Field of Germany Simulated Magnetic Field of Spain Simulated Magnetic Field of Germany Simulated Magnetic Fields

59. Dodging the Virtual Mediterranean Natural Magnetic Field of Germany Simulated Magnetic Field of Spain Simulated Magnetic Field of Germany Simulated Magnetic Fields requires both a magnetometer and a calendar !

61. Bicoordinate sensory gradients – “Map Sense” Magnetic cues: 1. inclination 2. intensity 3. declination

62. Magnetic & axial poles are slightly different (local angle = declination)

63. Magnetic inclination angle varies with latitude

64. magnetic dip angle

65. (azimuth compass) Understanding the Earth’s magnetic field

66. Magnetic inclination (2° dip) Magnetic Intensity (1  T) Bivariate Grid

67. Even better grid in the Indian Ocean, along the east coast of Africa. Magnetic dip angle (1° inclination) Magnetic Intensity (1000 nT)

68. Magnetic map sense in spiny lobsters simulated Daytona simulated Jamaica

69. Magnetic map sense in green sea turtles simulated Savannah simulated Key Largo

70. Lohmann K J et al. J Exp Biol 2007;210:3697-3705 Young green sea turtles know the magnetic grid of the North Atlantic gyre

71. How do over-sea migrants cope with wind drift?

72. The problem of drift Wind flight angle

73. The problem of drift Wind flight angle actual track

74. Drift compensation Wind flight angle actual track

75. Drift recovery flight angle actual track

76. Actual satellite track

78. our Loch Moss Nester always finds its nest

81. Diagram illustrating potential problems in attempting to infer mechanisms of navigation from the tracks of animals. Lohmann K J et al. J Exp Biol 2008;211:1719-1728