1. Layers of the Cardiac Wall

2. Cell types
Cardiomyocytes
Pacemaker cells

3. Cell Sources Stem cells Primary cells (main successes so far1)
Embryonic
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal
Cord-derived mesenchymal
Primary cells (main successes so far1)
Chondrocytes (cartilage)
Skin cells
Heart cells
1. Howard, D. et. al. “Tissue engineering: strategies, stem cells and scaffolds,” J. Anat. Jul 2008; 213(1):66-72.

4. Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
Scaffold – an artificial structure capable of supporting 3 dimensional tissue formation (e.g. Collagen and some polyesters)

5. Purposes of Scaffolds Allow Cell attachment and migration
Deliver and retain cells and biochemical factors
Enable diffusion of vital cell nutrients and expressed products
Exert certain mechanical and biological influences to modify the behavior of cell phase

6. Requirements of Scaffolds
High porosity and adequate pore size for cell diffusion
Biodegradability because scaffolds should be absorbed by the surrounding tissues

7. Immuno Histo Chemistry
H I s t o l o g Y
The study of the morphology, architecture, and
composition of tissues
Immuno Histo Chemistry
The process of using antibodies to stain/identify
different tissue components

8. How It’s Done Fixing (kill in Paraformaldehyde)
3. Sectioning (slice it up
thinly!)
5. Stain (with flourescence)
DAPI - nucleii
2. Embedding
(in paraffin wax)
4. Mount (with glass slide
+ coverslip)

9. Immuno Histo Chemistry
Search for Specific Antigens with:
1. Specific Primary Antibodies
2. Secondary Antibodies with a fluorescent tag